Research Scholar, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
Toxicon. 2024 Jun;244:107772. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107772. Epub 2024 May 18.
Around 95% of snake venom is protein. Along with the soluble proteins, snake venom also contains proteins encapsulated in vesicles known as Snake Venom Extracellular Vesicles (SVEV). SVEVs are nano-sized membrane-bound vesicles released from the snake venom gland cells. The available published research works on SVEVs are minimal. Extracellular vesicles in the Snake Venom gland were initially discovered during the histopathological analysis of the Crotalus durissus terrificus snakes' venom gland. Later, various techniques were employed to isolate and characterize the SVEVs. The cargo of SVEV consists of a variety of proteins like Phospholipase A-2, C-type Lectins, L-Amino Acid Oxidase, Cysteine-Rich Secretory Proteins, Serine Proteinases, Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV, Aminopeptidase-A, Ecto-5'-nucleotidases, Disintegrins. Proteomic data revealed the presence of some exclusive proteins in the SVEVs, and the other proteins are in varying concentrations in the SVEVs compared to their whole Venom. Interaction of SVEVs with mammalian cell lines showed the disruption of primary physiological functions leads to host immune modulation, and long-term effects of envenoming. Snakebite victim's blood showed variations in the specific Extracellular vesicle concentration. It has been hypothesized that SVEVs are responsible for long-term toxicity. The current review focuses on the various techniques adopted to isolate and characterize SVEVs and discusses the exclusiveness and variations of SVEV proteins and their role in snakebites.
约 95%的蛇毒是蛋白质。除了可溶性蛋白质,蛇毒还包含封装在囊泡中的蛋白质,称为蛇毒细胞外囊泡(SVEV)。SVEVs 是纳米大小的膜结合囊泡,从蛇毒腺细胞中释放出来。目前关于 SVEVs 的研究工作很少。最初在对响尾蛇科 Crotalus durissus terrificus 蛇毒液腺的组织病理学分析中发现了蛇毒腺中的细胞外囊泡。后来,采用了各种技术来分离和表征 SVEVs。SVEV 的货物包含各种蛋白质,如磷脂酶 A-2、C 型凝集素、L-氨基酸氧化酶、富含半胱氨酸的分泌蛋白、丝氨酸蛋白酶、二肽基肽酶-IV、氨基肽酶-A、外切 5'-核苷酸酶、整联蛋白。蛋白质组学数据显示 SVEVs 中存在一些特有蛋白质,而其他蛋白质在 SVEVs 中的浓度与它们在整个毒液中的浓度不同。SVEVs 与哺乳动物细胞系的相互作用表明,破坏主要生理功能会导致宿主免疫调节和长期中毒。蛇咬伤受害者的血液中特定细胞外囊泡浓度存在变化。有人假设 SVEVs 是导致长期毒性的原因。本综述重点介绍了用于分离和表征 SVEVs 的各种技术,并讨论了 SVEV 蛋白的独特性和变异性及其在蛇咬伤中的作用。