Bala Auwal A, Oukkache Naoual, Sanchez Elda E, Suntravat Montamas, Galan Jacob A
Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
Laboratory of Venoms and Toxins, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca 20360, Morocco.
Toxins (Basel). 2025 Jan 14;17(1):36. doi: 10.3390/toxins17010036.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticle-sized vesicles secreted by nearly all cell types under normal physiological conditions. In toxicological research, EVs have emerged as a crucial link between public health and multi-omics approaches, offering insights into cellular responses to disease-causing injury agents such as environmental and biological toxins, contaminants, and drugs. Notably, EVs present a unique opportunity to deepen our understanding of the pathophysiology of envenomation by natural toxins. Recent advancements in isolating and purifying EV cargo, mass spectrometry techniques, and bioinformatics have positioned EVs as potential biomarkers that could elucidate biological signaling pathways and provide valuable information on the relationship between venomous toxins, their mechanisms of action, and the effectiveness of antivenoms. Additionally, EVs hold promise as proxies for various aspects of envenomation, including the toxin dosage, biological characterization, injury progression, and prognosis during therapeutic interventions. These aspects can be explored through multi-omics technology applied to EV contents from the plasma, saliva, or urine samples of envenomated individuals, offering a comprehensive integrative approach to understanding and managing envenomation cases.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是在正常生理条件下由几乎所有细胞类型分泌的纳米级囊泡。在毒理学研究中，细胞外囊泡已成为公共卫生与多组学方法之间的关键联系，为深入了解细胞对环境和生物毒素、污染物及药物等致病损伤因子的反应提供了线索。值得注意的是，细胞外囊泡为深化我们对天然毒素所致中毒病理生理学的理解提供了独特契机。在分离和纯化细胞外囊泡货物、质谱技术及生物信息学方面的最新进展，已使细胞外囊泡成为潜在的生物标志物，可阐明生物信号通路，并提供有关有毒毒素、其作用机制及抗蛇毒血清有效性之间关系的有价值信息。此外，细胞外囊泡有望作为中毒各个方面的替代指标，包括毒素剂量、生物学特征、损伤进展及治疗干预期间的预后。这些方面可通过应用于中毒个体血浆、唾液或尿液样本中细胞外囊泡内容物的多组学技术进行探索，为理解和管理中毒病例提供全面的综合方法。
