Ichthyology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Zoology Section, Biology Department, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
Ichthyology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Zoology Section, Biology Department, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
Environ Res. 2024 Sep 15;257:119172. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119172. Epub 2024 May 18.
Microplastics (MPs) are concerning emerging pollutants. Here, MPs in four edible aquatic species of different trophic levels (between ∼2 and 4), including fish species Esox lucius (Esocidae: Esocinae); Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae: Cyprininae); and Luciobarbus caspius (Cyprinidae: Barbinae); and the swan mussel Anodonta cygnea (Unionidae), were assessed in the Anzali freshwater ecosystem. It is a listed wetland in the Montreux record. MPs were extracted from gastrointestinal tracts (GI), gills, muscles, and skin. All the studied fish and mussels (n = 33) had MPs. MP fibres, fragments and sheets were detected in every GI examined, however, fibres were the only type of MPs in skins, muscles and gills and were the most abundant MP. The MPs found in the fish and mussels were mainly made of nylon (35% of the total MPs), polypropylene-low density polyethylene (30%), and polycarbonate (25%). The average numbers of MPs found in every fish specimen, expressed per wet body mass, had a moderate negative correlation with the condition factor (K) (MP/g - K: Pearson correlation r = -0.413, p = 0.049), and there was no significant relation with the growth factor (b) (r = -0.376; p = 0.068). Importantly, Luciobarbus caspius (with trophic level 2.7-2.8) bioaccumulated MPs and presented a strong correlation between their MP contamination and age (r = 0.916 p < 0.05). Greater gill mass (or related factors) played an important role in the accumulation of MPs, and there was a strong correlation between these factors for Esox lucius and Cyprinus carpio (r = 0.876; r = 0.846; p < 0.05 respectively). The highest MP/g gills (1.91 ± 2.65) were in the filter feeder Anodonta cygnea inhabiting the benthic zone. Esox lucius (piscivorous, trophic level 4.1) was the most contaminated species overall (a total of 83 MPs in 8 individuals, with 0.92 MP/g fish), and their gills where MPs mainly accumulated. Cyprinus carpio was the most contaminated specimen (MPs in specimens), while the number of MPs per mass unit increased with the trophic level. Their feeding and ecological behavior in the aquatic habitat affected the level of accumulation. This work includes evidence of translocation of MPs within the aquatic organisms.
微塑料（MPs）是一种令人关注的新兴污染物。本研究评估了安扎利淡水生态系统中四种不同营养级别的食用水生物种（范围在 2 到 4 之间）中的 MPs，包括鱼类 Esocidae 家族的欧鲶（Esox lucius）；Cyprinidae 家族的鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）；和 Luciobarbus caspius（Cyprinidae：Barbinae）；以及 Swan mussel（Unionidae）贻贝。安扎利湿地是列入《蒙特勒名录》的湿地。从胃肠道（GI）、鳃、肌肉和皮肤中提取 MPs。所有研究的鱼类和贻贝（n=33）都含有 MPs。在检查的每个 GI 中都检测到 MPs 纤维、碎片和薄片，但纤维是皮肤、肌肉和鳃中唯一类型的 MPs，也是最丰富的 MPs。在鱼类和贻贝中发现的 MPs 主要由尼龙（总 MPs 的 35%）、低密度聚乙烯（30%）和聚碳酸酯（25%）制成。每只鱼标本中每湿重（MP/g - K：皮尔逊相关 r = -0.413，p = 0.049）发现的 MPs 数量与条件因子（K）呈中度负相关，并且与生长因子（b）没有显著关系（r = -0.376；p = 0.068）。重要的是， Luciobarbus caspius（营养级为 2.7-2.8）生物积累了 MPs，并且其 MP 污染与年龄之间存在很强的相关性（r = 0.916，p < 0.05）。更大的鳃质量（或相关因素）在 MPs 的积累中起着重要作用，并且对于 Esox lucius 和 Cyprinus carpio 之间存在很强的相关性（r = 0.876；r = 0.846；p < 0.05 分别）。滤食性贻贝 Anodonta cygnea 栖息在底层区域，其鳃中 MPs/g 最高（1.91±2.65）。Esox lucius（肉食性，营养级 4.1）是整体上污染最严重的物种（8 只个体中有 83 个 MPs，每个鱼 MPs/g 为 0.92），并且它们的鳃是 MPs 主要积累的部位。Cyprinus carpio 是污染最严重的标本（每个标本中的 MPs），而单位质量的 MPs 数量随营养级的增加而增加。它们在水生栖息地的摄食和生态行为影响了积累水平。这项工作包括 MPs 在水生生物体内易位的证据。
