Loi P, Anzalone D A, Palazzese L, Dinnyés A, Saragusty J, Czernik M
Laboratory of Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, TE 64100, Italy; and Corresponding author.
Laboratory of Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, TE 64100, Italy.
Reprod Fertil Dev. 2021 Jan;33(2):82-90. doi: 10.1071/RD20264.
This review provides a snapshot of the current state-of-the-art of drying cells and spermatozoa. The major successes and pitfalls of the most relevant literature are described separately for spermatozoa and cells. Overall, the data published so far indicate that we are closer to success in spermatozoa, whereas the situation is far more complex with cells. Critical for success is the presence of xeroprotectants inside the spermatozoa and, even more so, inside cells to protect subcellular compartments, primarily DNA. We highlight workable strategies to endow gametes and cells with the right combination of xeroprotectants, mostly sugars, and late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) or similar 'intrinsically disordered' proteins to help them withstand reversible desiccation. We focus on the biological aspects of water stress, and in particular cellular and DNA damage, but also touch on other still unexplored issues, such as the choice of both dehydration and rehydration methods or approaches, because, in our view, they play a primary role in reducing desiccation damage. We conclude by highlighting the need to exhaustively explore desiccation strategies other than lyophilisation, such as air drying, spin drying or spray drying, ideally with new prototypes, other than the food and pharmaceutical drying strategies currently used, tailored for the unique needs of cells and spermatozoa.
本综述概述了当前细胞和精子干燥技术的最新进展。分别阐述了精子和细胞相关最具代表性文献中的主要成功之处与不足之处。总体而言，目前已发表的数据表明，我们在精子干燥方面更接近成功，而细胞干燥的情况则要复杂得多。成功的关键在于精子内部，更重要的是细胞内部存在保护剂，以保护亚细胞结构，主要是DNA。我们着重介绍了一些可行的策略，即赋予配子和细胞合适组合的保护剂，主要是糖类，以及晚期胚胎发育丰富蛋白（LEA）或类似的“内在无序”蛋白，以帮助它们耐受可逆性干燥。我们关注水分胁迫的生物学方面，特别是细胞和DNA损伤，但也涉及其他尚未探索的问题，如脱水和复水方法的选择，因为在我们看来，它们在减少干燥损伤方面起着主要作用。最后，我们强调需要彻底探索除冻干之外的干燥策略，如空气干燥、旋转干燥或喷雾干燥，理想情况下使用新的原型，而不是目前用于食品和制药干燥的策略，这些策略要针对细胞和精子的独特需求进行定制。
