Nanotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran, 16844, Iran.
Curr Gene Ther. 2025;25(2):92-112. doi: 10.2174/0115665232292768240503050508.
Lung cancer is a significant cause of cancer-related death worldwide. It can be broadly categorised into small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Surgical intervention, radiation therapy, and the administration of chemotherapeutic medications are among the current treatment modalities. However, the application of chemotherapy may be limited in more advanced stages of metastasis due to the potential for adverse effects and a lack of cell selectivity. Although small-molecule anticancer treatments have demonstrated effectiveness, they still face several challenges. The challenges at hand in this context comprise insufficient solubility in water, limited bioavailability at specific sites, adverse effects, and the requirement for epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors that are genetically tailored. Bio-macromolecular drugs, including small interfering RNA (siRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA), are susceptible to degradation when exposed to the bodily fluids of humans, which can reduce stability and concentration. In this context, nanoscale delivery technologies are utilised. These agents offer encouraging prospects for the preservation and regulation of pharmaceutical substances, in addition to improving the solubility and stability of medications. Nanocarrier-based systems possess the notable advantage of facilitating accurate and sustained drug release, as opposed to traditional systemic methodologies. The primary focus of scientific investigation has been to augment the therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles composed of lipids. Numerous nanoscale drug delivery techniques have been implemented to treat various respiratory ailments, such as lung cancer. These technologies have exhibited the potential to mitigate the limitations associated with conventional therapy. As an illustration, applying nanocarriers may enhance the solubility of small-molecule anticancer drugs and prevent the degradation of bio-macromolecular drugs. Furthermore, these devices can administer medications in a controlled and extended fashion, thereby augmenting the therapeutic intervention's effectiveness and reducing adverse reactions. However, despite these promising results, challenges remain that must be addressed. Multiple factors necessitate consideration when contemplating the application of nanoparticles in medical interventions. To begin with, the advancement of more efficient delivery methods is imperative. In addition, a comprehensive investigation into the potential toxicity of nanoparticles is required. Finally, additional research is needed to comprehend these treatments' enduring ramifications. Despite these challenges, the field of nanomedicine demonstrates considerable promise in enhancing the therapy of lung cancer and other respiratory diseases.
肺癌是全球癌症相关死亡的主要原因。它可以大致分为小细胞肺癌（SCLC）和非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）。手术干预、放射治疗和化疗药物的管理是目前的治疗方式。然而，由于潜在的副作用和缺乏细胞选择性，化疗在转移的更晚期可能会受到限制。尽管小分子抗癌治疗已被证明有效，但它们仍然面临一些挑战。在这种情况下，面临的挑战包括在水中的溶解度不足、在特定部位的生物利用度有限、副作用以及对需要根据基因定制的表皮生长因子受体抑制剂的需求。生物大分子药物，包括小干扰 RNA（siRNA）和信使 RNA（mRNA），在暴露于人体体液时容易降解，这会降低稳定性和浓度。在这种情况下，使用了纳米级递药技术。这些药物除了提高药物的溶解度和稳定性外，还为药物的保存和调节提供了有希望的前景。基于纳米载体的系统具有促进药物准确和持续释放的显著优势，而不是传统的系统方法。科学研究的主要重点是提高由脂质组成的纳米颗粒的治疗效果。已经实施了许多纳米级药物递送技术来治疗各种呼吸系统疾病，如肺癌。这些技术已经显示出减轻与传统疗法相关的局限性的潜力。例如，应用纳米载体可以提高小分子抗癌药物的溶解度并防止生物大分子药物的降解。此外，这些装置可以以控制和延长的方式给药，从而增强治疗干预的效果并减少不良反应。然而，尽管取得了这些有希望的结果，但仍存在必须解决的挑战。在考虑将纳米颗粒应用于医学干预时，需要考虑多个因素。首先，需要开发更有效的递药方法。此外，需要全面研究纳米颗粒的潜在毒性。最后，需要进行更多的研究来理解这些治疗的持久影响。尽管存在这些挑战，但纳米医学领域在增强肺癌和其他呼吸系统疾病的治疗方面具有很大的潜力。
