Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health In-stitute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain.
Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Jul 20;935:173290. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173290. Epub 2024 May 21.
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic zoonosis of key importance in veterinary and public health. This article summarizes the available data (from 2000 to 2023) of exposition to Toxoplasma gondii in wildlife species in Spain based on a systematic bibliographic search, as well as further analysis of its potential relationship with environmental variables, biodiversity, anthropogenic impact on the habitat, and the reported human cases of toxoplasmosis. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii in carnivorous mammals, birds, ungulate and lagomorph species in Spain was estimated at 69.3 %, 36.4 %, 18.4 %, and 16.2 %, respectively. Among the studies considered, great heterogeneity was observed both between and within taxonomic groups [Cohen's d > 0.8; X = 1039.10, df = 4 (p < 0.01) I = 97 %, r = 1.88, (p < 0.001)] and between and within bioregions [Cohen's d > 0.5; X = 368.59, df = 4 (p < 0.01)]. The results of a generalized linear model explaining T. gondii seroprevalence in wild animals suggest the influence of abiotic variables [wetland (p < 0.001), unvegetated (p < 0.001), isothermality (p < 0.001), and mean temperature during wettest quarter (p < 0.05)] and number of intermediate host species as positively associated with increased exposure of wildlife to T. gondii (p < 0.01). Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in both wild birds and wild mammals (range: 0.0-51.2 %) mainly from north-centre, northeast, and central-west of Spain. Regarding hospitalisation rates due to toxoplasmosis in humans, some abiotic variables [permanent crops (p < 0.05) and mean temperature during wettest quarter (p < 0.05)] showed a positive association. Despite certain limitations, this research evidences a substantial gap of knowledge on the implication of wildlife in the life cycle of T. gondii in Spain. This lack of knowledge is particularly evident in areas where the human-livestock-wildlife interface overlaps, preventing us from accurately determining its true distribution in different habitats, as well as its potential direct or indirect implications on public and veterinary health.
弓形虫病是一种重要的人畜共患寄生虫病，在兽医和公共卫生领域具有重要意义。本文基于系统的文献检索，总结了 2000 年至 2023 年期间西班牙野生动物物种中弓形虫暴露的现有数据，并进一步分析了其与环境变量、生物多样性、对栖息地的人为影响以及报告的人类弓形虫病病例之间的潜在关系。西班牙肉食性哺乳动物、鸟类、有蹄类和兔形目物种的弓形虫总体血清阳性率估计分别为 69.3%、36.4%、18.4%和 16.2%。在所考虑的研究中，无论是在分类群之间还是内部，都存在很大的异质性[科恩氏 d>0.8；X=1039.10，df=4(p<0.01)I=97%，r=1.88，(p<0.001)和在生物区系之间和内部[科恩氏 d>0.5；X=368.59，df=4(p<0.01)]。解释野生动物中弓形虫血清阳性率的广义线性模型的结果表明，非生物变量[湿地(p<0.001)、无植被(p<0.001)、等温线(p<0.001)和最湿润季度的平均温度(p<0.05)]和中间宿主物种数量与野生动物接触弓形虫的增加呈正相关(p<0.01)。在西班牙的野生鸟类和野生哺乳动物中都检测到了弓形虫 DNA（范围：0.0-51.2%），主要来自西班牙中北部、东北部和中西部。关于人类因弓形虫病住院的比率，一些非生物变量[永久性作物(p<0.05)和最湿润季度的平均温度(p<0.05)]显示出正相关。尽管存在一定的局限性，但这项研究表明，西班牙在野生动物在弓形虫生命周期中的作用方面存在大量知识空白。这种知识的缺乏在人类-牲畜-野生动物界面重叠的地区尤为明显，这使得我们无法准确确定其在不同栖息地中的真实分布，以及其对公共和兽医健康的潜在直接或间接影响。
