Di Carmine Graziano, D'Agostino Carmine, Bortolini Olga, Poletti Lorenzo, De Risi Carmela, Ragno Daniele, Massi Alessandro
Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
Molecules. 2024 May 7;29(10):2166. doi: 10.3390/molecules29102166.
Within the realm of organic synthesis, photocatalysis has blossomed since the beginning of the last decade. A plethora of classical reactivities, such as selective oxidation of alcohol and amines, redox radical formation of reactive species in situ, and indirect activation of an organic substrate for cycloaddition by EnT, have been revised in a milder and more sustainable fashion via photocatalysis. However, even though the spark of creativity leads scientists to explore new reactions and reactivities, the urgency of replacing the toxic and critical metals that are involved as catalysts has encouraged chemists to find alternatives in the branch of science called organocatalysis. Unfortunately, replacing metal catalysts with organic analogues can be too expensive sometimes; however, this drawback can be solved by the reutilization of the catalyst if it is heterogeneous. The aim of this review is to present the recent works in the field of heterogeneous photocatalysis, applied to organic synthesis, enabled by continuous flow. In detail, among the heterogeneous catalysts, g-CN, polymeric photoactive materials, and supported molecular catalysts have been discussed within their specific sections, rather than focusing on the types of reactions.
在有机合成领域,自上世纪九十年代末以来,光催化技术蓬勃发展。许多经典的反应活性,如醇和胺的选择性氧化、活性物种原位的氧化还原自由基形成,以及通过能量转移(EnT)对有机底物进行环加成的间接活化,都已通过光催化以更温和、更可持续的方式进行了改进。然而,尽管创造力的火花促使科学家探索新的反应和反应活性,但由于需要替换作为催化剂的有毒关键金属,这一紧迫性促使化学家在有机催化这一科学分支中寻找替代方案。不幸的是,用有机类似物替代金属催化剂有时可能过于昂贵;然而,如果催化剂是多相的,通过催化剂的再利用可以解决这一缺点。本综述的目的是介绍连续流动条件下应用于有机合成的多相光催化领域的最新研究成果。具体而言,在多相催化剂中,g-CN、聚合物光活性材料和负载型分子催化剂已在各自特定的章节中进行了讨论,而不是专注于反应类型。