Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
Molecular Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2024 Jan-Dec;23:15330338241254061. doi: 10.1177/15330338241254061.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently found cancer in the world, and it is frequently discovered when it is already far along in its development. About 20% of cases of CRC are metastatic and incurable. There is more and more evidence that colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs), which are in charge of tumor growth, recurrence, and resistance to treatment, are what make CRC so different. Because we know more about stem cell biology, we quickly learned about the molecular processes and possible cross-talk between signaling pathways that affect the balance of cells in the gut and cancer. Wnt, Notch, TGF-β, and Hedgehog are examples of signaling pathway members whose genes may change to produce CCSCs. These genes control self-renewal and pluripotency in SCs and then decide the function and phenotype of CCSCs. However, in terms of their ability to create tumors and susceptibility to chemotherapeutic drugs, CSCs differ from normal stem cells and the bulk of tumor cells. This may be the reason for the higher rate of cancer recurrence in patients who underwent both surgery and chemotherapy treatment. Scientists have found that a group of uncontrolled miRNAs related to CCSCs affect stemness properties. These miRNAs control CCSC functions like changing the expression of cell cycle genes, metastasis, and drug resistance mechanisms. CCSC-related miRNAs mostly control signal pathways that are known to be important for CCSC biology. The biomarkers (CD markers and miRNA) for CCSCs and their diagnostic roles are the main topics of this review study.
结直肠癌（CRC）是世界上第三常见的癌症，而且通常在其发展到晚期时才被发现。大约 20%的 CRC 病例是转移性的，无法治愈。越来越多的证据表明，负责肿瘤生长、复发和对治疗产生耐药性的结直肠肿瘤干细胞（CSCs）是 CRC 如此不同的原因。由于我们对干细胞生物学有了更多的了解，我们很快了解了影响肠道和癌症细胞平衡的分子过程和信号通路之间可能的串扰。Wnt、Notch、TGF-β和Hedgehog 是信号通路成员的例子，它们的基因可能发生改变，产生 CSCs。这些基因控制干细胞的自我更新和多能性，然后决定 CSCs 的功能和表型。然而，就其产生肿瘤的能力和对化疗药物的敏感性而言，CSCs 与正常干细胞和肿瘤细胞的大部分不同。这可能是接受手术和化疗治疗的患者癌症复发率较高的原因。科学家们发现，一组与 CSCs 相关的不受控制的 miRNAs 影响干细胞特性。这些 miRNAs 控制 CSCs 的功能，如改变细胞周期基因的表达、转移和耐药机制。CSC 相关的 miRNAs 主要控制已知对 CSC 生物学很重要的信号通路。CSCs 的生物标志物（CD 标志物和 miRNA）及其诊断作用是本综述研究的主要主题。
