Biosecurity Research at Section Political Science of the Department of Cultural and Social Sciences, University of Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2024;1451:301-316. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_19.
The smallpox infection with the variola virus was one of the most fatal disorders until a global eradication was initiated in the twentieth century. The last cases were reported in Somalia 1977 and as a laboratory infection in the UK 1978; in 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared smallpox for extinct. The smallpox virus with its very high transmissibility and mortality is still a major biothreat, because the vaccination against smallpox was stopped globally in the 1980s. For this reason, new antivirals (cidofovir, brincidofovir, and tecovirimat) and new vaccines (ACAM2000, LC16m8 and Modified Vaccine Ankara MVA) were developed. For passive immunization, vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (VIGIV) is available. Due to the relationships between orthopox viruses such as vaccinia, variola, mpox (monkeypox), cowpox, and horsepox, the vaccines (LC16m8 and MVA) and antivirals (brincidofovir and tecovirimat) could also be used in the mpox outbreak with positive preliminary data. As mutations can result in drug resistance against cidofovir or tecovirimat, there is need for further research. Further antivirals (NIOCH-14 and ST-357) and vaccines (VACΔ6 and TNX-801) are being developed in Russia and the USA. In conclusion, further research for treatment and prevention of orthopox infections is needed and is already in progress. After a brief introduction, this chapter presents the smallpox and mpox disease and thereafter full overviews on antiviral treatment and vaccination including the passive immunization with vaccinia immunoglobulins.
天花感染痘病毒是 20 世纪全球开始消灭天花之前最致命的疾病之一。最后一例报告于 1977 年在索马里，1978 年在英国实验室感染；1980 年，世界卫生组织（WHO）宣布天花已灭绝。由于天花疫苗在 20 世纪 80 年代在全球范围内停止接种，因此天花病毒仍然是一种主要的生物威胁，其具有非常高的传染性和死亡率。为此，开发了新的抗病毒药物（西多福韦、布西福韦和特考韦瑞玛）和新的疫苗（ACAM2000、LC16m8 和改良痘苗安卡拉 MVA）。对于被动免疫，有天花免疫球蛋白静脉注射（VIGIV）。由于正痘病毒（如牛痘、天花、猴痘、牛痘和马痘）之间的关系，疫苗（LC16m8 和 MVA）和抗病毒药物（布西福韦和特考韦瑞玛）也可用于猴痘爆发，初步数据为阳性。由于突变可能导致西多福韦或特考韦瑞玛耐药，因此需要进一步研究。俄罗斯和美国正在开发其他抗病毒药物（NIOCH-14 和 ST-357）和疫苗（VACΔ6 和 TNX-801）。总之，需要进一步研究治疗和预防正痘感染的方法，目前正在进行中。在简要介绍之后，本章介绍了天花和猴痘疾病，然后全面介绍了抗病毒治疗和疫苗接种，包括天花免疫球蛋白的被动免疫。
