Local trade, spatial occurrence and conservation of hypostomus soniae (siluriformes, loricariidae), an ornamental fish endemic to the tapajos river, Brazil.

Hypostomus soniae is a small sized armored catfish endemic to the Tapajos River basin and ranked as one of the most exploited ornamental fish in the Santarem export marketplace. This study aims to evaluate distributional patterns of Hypostomus soniae and contribute to the species conservation in the face of development of the ornamental fish trade in the Amazon region. We compiled data associated with geographic coordinates in public repositories, supplemented with original field records. We compared our data to published records in the literature and museum collections to check for accuracy. To investigate the fishery and commercialization of H. soniae, we conducted interviews with ornamental fish stakeholders from the local trade. We also made direct observations in the fishing sites and export facilities in Santarem. A cluster analysis of the geolocation data was carried out to explore the spatial distribution patterns. The volume of captures and exportation of H. soniae decreased during the period 2020-2023. The occurrence of H. soniae was associated with annual rainfall ranging from 2,000 mm to 2,500 mm and concentrated in two municipalities of the State of Mato Grosso and two of the Para State. The species distribution area has been threatened, unfortunately, by fishermen who do not respect the laws that support artisanal fishing in the Amazon.