Harnessing controlled-environment systems for enhanced production of medicinal plants.

Medicinal plants are valued for their contributions to human health. However, the growing demand for medicinal plants and the concerns regarding their quality and sustainability have prompted the reassessment of conventional production practices. Controlled-environment cropping systems, such as vertical farms, offer a transformative approach to production of medicinal plants. By enabling precise control over environmental factors, such as light, carbon dioxide, temperature, humidity, nutrients, and airflow, controlled environments can improve the consistency, concentration, and yield of bioactive phytochemicals in medicinal plants. This review explores the potential of controlled-environment systems for enhancing production of medicinal plants. First, we describe how controlled environments can overcome the limitations of conventional production in improving the quality of medicinal plants. Next, we propose strategies based on plant physiology to manipulate environmental conditions for enhancing the levels of bioactive compounds in plants. These strategies include improving photosynthetic carbon assimilation, light spectrum signalling, purposeful stress elicitation, and chronoculture. We describe the underlying mechanisms and practical applications of these strategies. Finally, we highlight the major knowledge gaps and challenges that limit the application of controlled environments, and discuss future research directions.