An interpretable online prediction method for remaining useful life of lithium-ion batteries.

Accurate prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) of lithium-ion batteries is advantageous for maintaining the stability of electrical systems. In this paper, an interpretable online method which can reflect capacity regeneration is proposed to accurately estimate the RUL. Firstly, four health indicators (HIs) are extracted from the charging and discharging process for online prediction. Then, the HIs model is trained using support vector regression to obtain future features. And the capacity model of Gaussian process regression (GPR) is trained and analyzed by Shapley additive explanation (SHAP). Meanwhile, the state space for capacity prediction is constructed with the addition of Gaussian non-white noise to simulate the capacity regeneration. And the modified predicted HIs and noise are obtained by unscented Kalman filter. Finally, according to SHAP explainer, the predicted HIs acting as the baseline and the modified HIs containing information on capacity regeneration are chosen to predict RUL. In addition, the bounds of confidence intervals (CIs) are calculated separately to reflect the regenerated capacity. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed online method can achieve high accuracy and effectively capture the capacity regeneration. The absolute error of failure RUL is below 5 and the minimum confidence interval is only 2.