University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, National Veterinary Institute, Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station Piran, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia.
Harmful Algae. 2024 May;135:102632. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102632. Epub 2024 May 8.
This article presents the first results on shellfish toxicity in the Slovenian sea (Gulf of Trieste, Adriatic Sea) since the analytical methods for the detection of biotoxins (PSP, ASP, DSP and other lipophilic toxins) in bivalve molluscs were included in the national monitoring program in 2013. In addition to toxins, the composition and abundance of toxic phytoplankton and general environmental characteristics of the seawater (surface temperature and salinity) were also monitored. During the 2014-2019 study period, only lipophilic toxins were detected (78 positive tests out of 446 runs), of which okadaic acid (OA) predominated in 97 % of cases, while dinophysistoxin-2 and yessotoxins only gave a positive result in one sampling event each. The number of samples that did not comply with the EC Regulation for the OA group was 17 or 3.8 % of all tests performed, all of which took place from September to November, while a few positive OA tests were also recorded in December, April, and May. This toxicity pattern was consistent with the occurrence pattern of the five most common DSP-producing dinoflagellates, which was supported by the development of warm and thermohaline stratified waters: Dinophysis caudata, D. fortii, D. sacculus, D. tripos and Phalacroma rotundatum. The strong correlation (r = 0.611, p < 0.001) between D. fortii, reaching abundances of up to 950 cells L, and OA suggests that D. fortii is the main cause of OA production in Slovenian waters. Strong interannual variations in OA and phytoplankton dynamics, exacerbated by the effects of anthropogenic impacts in this coastal ecosystem, reduce the predictability of toxicity events and require continuous and efficient monitoring. Our results also show that the introduction of the LC-MS/MS method for lipophilic toxins has improved the management of aquaculture activities, which was not as accurate based on mouse bioassays.
本文介绍了自 2013 年以来斯洛文尼亚海域（的里雅斯特湾、亚得里亚海）贝类毒素分析方法纳入国家监测计划以来贝类毒性的首批研究结果。除了毒素，还监测了有毒浮游植物的组成和丰度以及海水的一般环境特征（表面温度和盐度）。在 2014-2019 年的研究期间，仅检测到脂溶性毒素（446 次检测中有 78 次呈阳性），其中 97%的情况下以冈田酸（OA）为主，而只有麻痹性贝类毒素-2 和 yessotoxins 各在一次采样中呈阳性。有 17 个样品不符合欧共体对 OA 组的规定，占所有检测的 3.8%，所有这些样品均在 9 月至 11 月期间采集，12 月、4 月和 5 月也记录了少量阳性 OA 检测。这种毒性模式与五种最常见的产生 DSP 的腰鞭毛藻类的发生模式一致，这得到了温暖和温盐分层水发展的支持：D. caudata、D. fortii、D. sacculus、D. tripos 和 Phalacroma rotundatum。D. fortii 的大量繁殖（高达 950 个细胞/L）与 OA 之间存在强烈的相关性（r = 0.611，p < 0.001），表明 D. fortii 是斯洛文尼亚水域产生 OA 的主要原因。OA 和浮游植物动态的强烈年际变化，加上该沿海生态系统中人为影响的作用，降低了毒性事件的可预测性，需要持续有效的监测。我们的研究结果还表明，引入 LC-MS/MS 方法来检测脂溶性毒素提高了水产养殖活动的管理水平，而基于小鼠生物测定的方法则不够准确。
