Alexander J W
Ann Surg. 1985 Apr;201(4):423-8. doi: 10.1097/00000658-198504000-00004.
Although many surgical procedures were well-developed in principle before 1867, their application for the treatment of human disease was limited because of a mortality rate from postoperative infection alone of about 50%. It was the eventual acceptance of Lister's work and the development of the aseptic-antiseptic ritual that allowed operative therapy to be successful and made modern surgery possible. The background leading to the development of aseptic-antiseptic rituals is discussed.
尽管许多外科手术在1867年之前在原理上已得到充分发展，但由于仅术后感染的死亡率就约为50%，它们在治疗人类疾病方面的应用受到限制。正是李斯特的工作最终被接受以及无菌 - 防腐程序的发展，才使得手术治疗取得成功并使现代外科成为可能。本文讨论了无菌 - 防腐程序发展的背景。
