双酚 A 及其替代品的暴露特征和累积风险评估：2013 年台湾毒物环境监测。

Exposure characteristics and cumulative risk assessment of bisphenol A and its substitutes: the Taiwan environmental survey for toxicants 2013.

机构信息

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.

Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.

出版信息

Front Public Health. 2024 May 23;12:1396147. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1396147. eCollection 2024.

DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1396147

PMID:38846618

原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11153798/

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Ever since the use of bisphenol A (BPA) has been restricted, concerns have been raised regarding the use of its substitutes, such as bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF). Meanwhile, the EU European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) issued the new tolerable daily intake (TDI) after the latest re-risk assessment for BPA, which enforced the need for cumulative risk assessment in the population. This study was conducted to identify BPA and its substitute's exposure characteristics of the general Taiwanese population and estimate the cumulative risk of bisphenol exposure.

METHODS

Urine samples ( = 366 [adult, 271; minor, 95]) were collected from individuals who participated in the Taiwan Environmental Survey for Toxicants 2013. The samples were analyzed for BPA, BPS, and BPF through ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Daily intake (DI) levels were calculated for each bisphenol. Hazard quotients (HQs) were calculated with the consideration of tolerable DI and a reference dose. Additionally, hazard index (HI; sum of HQs for each bisphenol) values were calculated.

RESULTS

Our study found that the median level of BPA was significantly higher in adults (9.63 μg/g creatinine) than in minors (6.63 μg/g creatinine) ( < 0.001). The DI of BPS was higher in female (0.69 ng/kg/day) than in male (0.49 ng/kg/day); however, the DIs of BPF and BPS were higher in boys (1.15 and 0.26 ng/kg/day, respectively) than in girls (0.57 and 0.20 ng/kg/day, respectively). Most HI values exceeded 1 (99% of the participants) after EFSA re-establish the TDI of BPA.

DISCUSSION

Our study revealed that the exposure profiles and risk of BPA and its substitute in Taiwanese varied by age and sex. Additionally, the exposure risk of BPA was deemed unacceptable in Taiwan according to new EFSA regulations, and food contamination could be the possible source of exposure. We suggest that the risk of exposure to BPA and its substitutes in most human biomonitoring studies should be reassessed based on new scientific evidence.

摘要

简介

自从限制使用双酚 A（BPA）以来，人们对其替代品（如双酚 S（BPS）和双酚 F（BPF））的使用产生了担忧。与此同时，欧盟食品安全局（EFSA）在对 BPA 进行最新的重新风险评估后发布了新的耐受每日摄入量（TDI），这就需要对人群进行累积风险评估。本研究旨在确定台湾普通人群中 BPA 及其替代品的暴露特征，并估计双酚类物质暴露的累积风险。

方法

从参加 2013 年台湾环境毒物调查的个体中收集尿液样本（ = 366 [成人，271；未成年人，95]）。通过超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析 BPA、BPS 和 BPF。计算了每种双酚的每日摄入量（DI）水平。考虑到可耐受的 DI 和参考剂量，计算了危害系数（HQ）。此外，还计算了危害指数（HI；每种双酚的 HQ 之和）值。

结果

我们的研究发现，成人（9.63 μg/g 肌酐）的 BPA 中位数水平明显高于未成年人（6.63 μg/g 肌酐）（ < 0.001）。女性（0.69 ng/kg/天）的 BPS 摄入量高于男性（0.49 ng/kg/天）；然而，男孩（1.15 和 0.26 ng/kg/天，分别）的 BPF 和 BPS 摄入量高于女孩（0.57 和 0.20 ng/kg/天，分别）。EFSA 重新建立 BPA 的 TDI 后，大多数 HI 值（99%的参与者）超过 1。