Lyu Zhaoqing, Harada Kouji H, Kim Sungmin, Fujitani Tomoko, Hitomi Toshiaki, Pan Rui, Park Nayoun, Fujii Yukiko, Kho Younglim, Choi Kyungho
Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
Chemosphere. 2023 Mar;316:137867. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137867. Epub 2023 Jan 12.
Bisphenols, and especially bisphenol A, are widely used as components of epoxy resins and polycarbonate. Widespread detection and potential health risks have led to bisphenol A being replaced by other alternatives, including structurally similar bisphenol analogs. Several bisphenol analogs are suspected to have similar adverse health consequences. This study examined the temporal trends in bisphenol exposure among a group of Japanese women from 1993 to 2016, and assessed the associated health risks.
We used archived single spot urine samples of healthy Japanese women living in the Kyoto area (n = 133) collected in 1993, 2000, 2003, 2009, 2011, and 2016. We measured the concentrations of 10 bisphenols in these samples.
A sharp increase in the detection rates of bisphenol F was observed after 2000. There was a distinct downward trend in urinary bisphenol A concentrations and an upward trend in bisphenol E concentrations after 2009. While the hazard index for all measured bisphenols was below 1 in all subjects, bisphenol F was determined as the most important risk driver after 2000, rather than bisphenol A.
Trends of decreasing bisphenol A and increasing bisphenol E exposure especially after 2011, along with no significant change in the sum of all bisphenol analogs in urine, provide clear evidence that bisphenol A has been replaced by other bisphenols in the study population. We found no significant change in the total exposure to bisphenols during the study period. Bisphenol F might become the most important bisphenol in terms of risk, while cumulative risks due to all bisphenol exposure were deemed insignificant. Considering the accumulating evidence indicating adverse effects at lower exposure levels, further studies are warranted to assess exposure and risk from bisphenol A analogs.
双酚，尤其是双酚A，被广泛用作环氧树脂和聚碳酸酯的成分。广泛的检测及潜在的健康风险促使双酚A被其他替代品所取代，包括结构相似的双酚类似物。几种双酚类似物被怀疑具有类似的不良健康后果。本研究调查了1993年至2016年一组日本女性双酚暴露的时间趋势，并评估了相关的健康风险。
我们使用了1993年、2000年、2003年、2009年、2011年和2016年收集的居住在京都地区的健康日本女性（n = 133）的存档单次晨尿样本。我们测量了这些样本中10种双酚的浓度。
2000年后观察到双酚F的检出率急剧上升。2009年后，尿中双酚A浓度呈明显下降趋势，双酚E浓度呈上升趋势。虽然所有受试者中所有测量双酚的危害指数均低于1，但2000年后双酚F被确定为最重要的风险驱动因素，而非双酚A。
尤其是2011年后，双酚A暴露减少、双酚E暴露增加的趋势，以及尿中所有双酚类似物总和无显著变化，提供了明确证据表明在研究人群中双酚A已被其他双酚所取代。我们发现在研究期间双酚的总暴露量没有显著变化。就风险而言，双酚F可能成为最重要的双酚，而所有双酚暴露所致的累积风险被认为微不足道。鉴于越来越多的证据表明较低暴露水平下存在不良影响，有必要进一步开展研究以评估双酚A类似物的暴露和风险。
