Reiser S J
J Med Philos. 1985 Feb;10(1):7-17. doi: 10.1093/jmp/10.1.7.
Reflections about the role of human choice in determining personal health occur in the writings of practitioners and laymen throughout history. THe Greek and Roman writers emphasized the effect of life's activities. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, disease continued to be seen as a consequence of disorder of the bodily humors, which were under the individual's control. THe rise of the paternalistic national regimes in Europe produced the view that society had the responsibility to maintain health. Jacksonian egalitarianism led to a reaction against the aggressive therapies of established professional experts, a view furthered by the Thomsonian belief that people should wrist control of their health away from orthodox physicians. Among the twentieth century reactions was the movement to urge people to have doctors evaluate laypersons' health. By the 1970s a movement emerged emphasizing again personal responsibility, which, in turn, produced a concern that this was merely "victim-blaming". Views on the role of lay people in determining personal health are heavily influenced by prevailing social, political, and moral climates.
纵观历史，从业者和外行的著作中都有关于人类选择在决定个人健康方面作用的思考。希腊和罗马作家强调生活活动的影响。在中世纪和文艺复兴时期，疾病继续被视为身体体液失调的结果，而体液处于个人控制之下。欧洲家长式国家政权的兴起产生了一种观点，即社会有责任维护健康。杰克逊式平等主义引发了对既定专业专家激进疗法的抵制，这种观点因汤姆森派的信念而得到进一步强化，即人们应该从正统医生手中夺回对自身健康的控制权。在20世纪的各种反应中，有一场运动敦促人们让医生评估外行的健康状况。到20世纪70年代，一场运动兴起，再次强调个人责任，而这反过来又引发了一种担忧，即这仅仅是“指责受害者”。外行在决定个人健康方面的作用的观点深受当时社会、政治和道德氛围的影响。
