BACKGROUND: Capsular contracture (CC) remains a very common complication and the main cause of reoperation following a mammary implant surgery. Leukotrienes play an important role in the inflammatory cascade linked to the development of the periprosthetic capsule. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the incidence of recurrence of capsular contracture in female patients who underwent a secondary mammary augmentation due to this etiology, with and without treatment with leukotriene inhibitors during postoperative care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-four women submitted to a secondary mammary augmentation due to CC were evaluated retrospectively. Out of these patients, 20 (31%) were treated with Montelukast for 3 months. The remaining 44 (69%) did not receive antileukotriene. The presence of capsular contracture was measured using the Baker classification and magnetic resonance imaging a year after postoperative care. The median follow-up period was 15 months. RESULTS: The patients receiving Montelukast (n = 20) presented a 15% CC rate (n = 1). The women that did not receive antileukotriene therapy (n = 44) presented a 16% CC rate (n = 7). CONCLUSION: The results of our study show that treatment with Montelukast for 3 months after the operation is associated with lower rates of capsular contracture when compared to patients that did not receive the treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .