Can DNA methylation shape climate response in trees?

Woody plants create the ecosystems they occupy and shape their biodiversity. Today's rapidly warming climate threatens these long-lived species by creating new environments in which existing populations become maladapted. Plants show enormous phenotypic diversity in response to environmental change, which can be caused by genotype or epigenetic mechanisms that influence the expression of the underlying DNA sequence. Whether epigenetics can affect ecologically important traits in trees is an important and controversial question. We explore the evidence that DNA methylation can affect gene expression, both directly and indirectly via its interaction with transposable elements (TEs), and subsequently shapes phenotypic variation in natural tree populations. Furthermore, we consider the potential of epigenetic approaches to assist in their conservation management strategies.