Multi-GWAS reveals significant genomic regions for Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus resistance in urdbean (Vigna mungo (L.) across multiple environments.

Unraveling genetic markers for MYMIV resistance in urdbean, with 8 high-confidence marker-trait associations identified across diverse environments, provides crucial insights for combating MYMIV disease, informing future breeding strategies. Globally, yellow mosaic disease (YMD) causes significant yield losses, reaching up to 100% in favorable environments within major urdbean cultivating regions. The introgression of genomic regions conferring resistance into urdbean cultivars is crucial for combating YMD, including resistance against mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV). To uncover the genetic basis of MYMIV resistance, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using three multi-locus models in 100 diverse urdbean genotypes cultivated across six individual and two combined environments. Leveraging 4538 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, we identified 28 unique significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) for MYMIV resistance, with 8 MTAs considered of high confidence due to detection across multiple GWAS models and/or environments. Notably, 4 out of 28 MTAs were found in proximity to previously reported genomic regions associated with MYMIV resistance in urdbean and mungbean, strengthening our findings and indicating consistent genomic regions for MYMIV resistance. Among the eight highly significant MTAs, one localized on chromosome 6 adjacent to previously identified quantitative trait loci for MYMIV resistance, while the remaining seven were novel. These MTAs contain several genes implicated in disease resistance, including four common ones consistently found across all eight MTAs: receptor-like serine-threonine kinases, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, pentatricopeptide repeat, and ankyrin repeats. Previous studies have linked these genes to defense against viral infections across different crops, suggesting their potential for further basic research involving cloning and utilization in breeding programs. This study represents the first GWAS investigation aimed at identifying resistance against MYMIV in urdbean germplasm.