Nonmetric sex estimation in a contemporary Indonesian population: a validation study using clinical pelvic MSCT scans.

Klales et al. (2012) is a popular standard for the estimation of skeletal sex. Since its publication, a number of studies have demonstrated that population-specific applications of Klales improve classification accuracy. However, it has also been shown that age appears to affect the expression of dimorphism in the pelvis across the lifespan. As such, the present study examines the accuracy of Klales, and the modified global standard of Kenyhercz et al. (2017), in a contemporary Indonesian population, including quantifying the effect of age. Pelvic multi-slice CT scans of 378 individuals (213 female; 165 male) were analysed in OsiriX®. Both standards were tested and Indonesian-specific models thereafter derived.When applied to the Indonesian sample, both the Klales and Kenyhercz standards resulted in lower classification accuracy relative to the original studies. In considering the Indonesian-specific models, the ventral arc was the most accurate for the classification of sex, at 93.3% with a - 3.0% sex bias. The accuracy of the three-trait model was 94.4%, with a - 5.5% sex bias. Age was shown to significantly affect the distribution of pelvic trait scores. As such, age-dependent models were also derived, with the standard for individuals between 30 and 49 years the most accurate, at 93.1% and a sex bias of - 4.0%. Accuracy was lower in individuals aged ≥ 50 years, at 91.3% and a sex bias of 4.1%. These findings support the importance of establishing population-specific standards and to facilitate improved accuracy and capabilities for forensic practitioners in Indonesia.