Department of Economics and Business Environment, Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya (IIM Bodh Gaya), Bodh Gaya, 824231, Bihar, India.
School of Business and Management, Christ University (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India.
J Environ Manage. 2024 Jul;364:121446. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121446. Epub 2024 Jun 12.
The effect of mineral production on ecological footprint is examined in this study while controlling for economic growth, renewable energy consumption, and trade openness as additional determinants for Pakistan. On the empirical front, the study uses the "Dynamic Autoregressive Distributed Lag (DYNARDL)" simulations for the data collected between 1990 and 2021. The result portrays movement to the long-run equilibrium relationship when considering the ecological footprint as the outcome variable amidst mineral production, economic growth, renewable energy consumption, and trade openness as the covariates. Further, the finding shows temporal dynamics of mineral production on environmental quality with a short-term degradation versus long-term amelioration, which suggests that mineral production can be conducted more sustainably over time with an implication towards taking measures such as technological advancements, improved efficiency, and better waste management practices. Additionally, it failed to find evidence for the conventional "Environmental Kuznets Curve," implying a need for policy reevaluation, reassessment of economic development models and accounting for environmental externalities in economic decision-making. Besides, as expected, the outcome demonstrates that using renewable energy lowers the ecological footprint both in long and short terms, which indicates that utilization of renewable energy sources reduces reliance on fossil fuels, resulting in decreased environmental degradation, thereby fostering the need for emphasis on the importance of continued technological innovation in renewable energy technologies to reduce the ecological footprint further. Moreover, it shows that trade openness improves the environmental quality in the short run (worsens it in the long run), thereby highlighting that trade openness may lead to short-term environmental benefits by promoting cleaner technologies and increasing resource efficiency. However, in the long term, trade openness can exacerbate environmental degradation due to economic priorities often taking precedence over environmental concerns.
本研究考察了矿产生产对生态足迹的影响，同时控制了经济增长、可再生能源消费和贸易开放度等因素，这些因素是巴基斯坦的额外决定因素。在实证方面，该研究使用了 1990 年至 2021 年期间收集的数据的“动态自回归分布滞后 (DYNARDL)”模拟。结果表明，当将生态足迹作为因变量，将矿产生产、经济增长、可再生能源消费和贸易开放度作为协变量考虑时，会向长期均衡关系移动。此外，研究结果显示，在矿产生产对环境质量的短期退化与长期改善的时间动态中，矿产生产可以随着时间的推移更加可持续地进行，这意味着可以采取技术进步、提高效率和更好的废物管理实践等措施。此外，研究结果未能为传统的“环境库兹涅茨曲线”提供证据，这表明需要重新评估政策，重新评估经济发展模式，并在经济决策中考虑环境外部性。此外，正如预期的那样，结果表明，使用可再生能源可以降低生态足迹，无论是在长期还是短期，这表明利用可再生能源可以减少对化石燃料的依赖，从而减少环境恶化，因此需要强调在可再生能源技术方面继续进行技术创新的重要性，以进一步降低生态足迹。此外，研究结果表明，贸易开放度在短期内改善了环境质量（长期内则恶化了环境质量），这表明贸易开放度可以通过促进清洁技术和提高资源效率来带来短期的环境效益。然而，从长期来看，贸易开放度可能会由于经济优先事项经常优先于环境问题而加剧环境恶化。
