Heteroaggregation kinetics of oppositely charged nanoplastics in aquatic environments: Effects of particle ratio, solution chemistry, and interaction sequence.

Interactions between positively charged amino-modified (APS) and negatively charged bare (BPS) polystyrene nanoplastics may cause heteroaggregation in aquatic environments. This study investigated the effects of particle concentration ratio, solution chemistry [electrolytes, pH, and natural organic matter (NOM)], and interaction sequence on their heteroaggregation kinetics. In the absence of electrolytes and NOM, the APS/BPS ratio for attaining maximum heteroaggregation rate (k) increased from APS/BPS= 3/7 to APS/BPS= 1/1 as pH increased from 4 to 10, indicating that electrostatic interactions dominated heteroaggregation. In the absence of NOM, k ranked APS/BPS= 2/3 > APS/BPS= 1/1 > APS/BPS= 3/2. Colloidal stability decreased linearly as pH increased from 4 to 8 at APS/BPS= 1/1, while diffusion-limited heteroaggregation persisted at pH 10. In NaCl solution, humic acid (HA) retarded heteroaggregation more effectively than sodium alginate (SA) via steric hindrance and weakening electrostatic interactions, following the modified Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (MDLVO) theory. Compared with simultaneous interactions among APS, BPS, NaCl, and NOM, the NOM retardation effects on heteroaggregation weakened if delaying its interaction with others. In CaCl solution, the effects of NOM on heteroaggregation depended on counterbalance among charge screening, steric hindrance, and calcium bridging. These findings highlight the important role of heteroaggregation between oppositely charged nanoplastics on their fate and transport in aquatic environments.