Bioengineered sustainable phytofabrication of anatase TiO -adorned g-CN nanocomposites and unveiling their photocatalytic potential towards advanced environmental remediation.

The ecologically friendly properties, low-cost, and readily available titanium dioxide (TiO) materials have made them a subject of considerable interest for numerous promising applications. Anatase TiO nanoparticles were synthesized in the current study through the utilization of a hibiscus leaf extract and the advent of TiO-doped g-CN(TiCN) nanocomposites (varying 0.5 mM, 1.0 mM, 1.5 mM, and 2.0 mM) by thermal polymerization. Here, the proposed study utilized multiple analytical techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, a diffraction pattern (XRD), SEM coupled with EDX analysis, TGA, and EPR, to characterize the as-prepared TiO nanoparticles and TiCN nanocomposites. BET analysis the adsorption-desorption isotherms of the TiCN(1.5 mM) nanocomposite, the surface area of the prepared nanocomposite is 112.287 m/g, and the pore size is 7.056 nm. The XPS spectra support the development of the TiCN(1.5 mM) nanocomposite by demonstrating the presence of C and N elements in the nanocomposite in addition to TiO. HRTEM images where the formation of stacked that indicates a planar, wrinkled graphitic-like structure is clearly visible. The TiCN (1.5 mM) specimen exhibited enhanced morphology, enhanced surface area, greater capacity to take in visible light, and lowered band gap when compared to g-CN following z-scheme heterojunction. The sample denoted as TiCN (1.5 mM) exhibited superior performance in terms of adsorption and photocatalytic activity using rhodamine B and Bisphenol A. Furthermore, the TiCN (1.5 mM) composite exhibited satisfactory stability over four cyclic runs, indicating its potential application in minimizing the impact of organic wastewater contaminants when compared to g-CN.