Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Mol Oncol. 2024 Oct;18(10):2423-2448. doi: 10.1002/1878-0261.13672. Epub 2024 Jun 16.
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) was initially identified as a key controller in lymphocyte differentiation and function, and subsequently as a dependency factor and therapy target in lymphocyte-derived cancers. In melanocytes, IRF4 takes part in pigmentation. Although genetic studies have implicated IRF4 in melanoma, how IRF4 functions in melanoma cells has remained largely elusive. Here, we confirmed prevalent IRF4 expression in melanoma and showed that high expression is linked to dependency in cells and mortality in patients. Analysis of genes activated by IRF4 uncovered, as a novel target category, epigenetic silencing factors involved in DNA methylation (DNMT1, DNMT3B, UHRF1) and histone H3K27 methylation (EZH2). Consequently, we show that IRF4 controls the expression of tumour suppressor genes known to be silenced by these epigenetic modifications, for instance cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors CDKN1A and CDKN1B, the PI3-AKT pathway regulator PTEN, and primary cilium components. Furthermore, IRF4 modulates activity of key downstream oncogenic pathways, such as WNT/β-catenin and AKT, impacting cell proliferation and survival. Accordingly, IRF4 modifies the effectiveness of pertinent epigenetic drugs on melanoma cells, a finding that encourages further studies towards therapeutic targeting of IRF4 in melanoma.
干扰素调节因子 4(IRF4)最初被鉴定为淋巴细胞分化和功能的关键控制器,随后成为淋巴细胞来源的癌症的依赖性因子和治疗靶标。在黑素细胞中,IRF4 参与色素沉着。尽管遗传研究表明 IRF4 与黑色素瘤有关,但 IRF4 在黑色素瘤细胞中的作用在很大程度上仍未被揭示。在这里,我们证实了黑色素瘤中普遍存在的 IRF4 表达,并表明高表达与细胞依赖性和患者死亡率有关。对 IRF4 激活的基因进行分析,揭示了一类新的靶向类别,即涉及 DNA 甲基化(DNMT1、DNMT3B、UHRF1)和组蛋白 H3K27 甲基化(EZH2)的表观遗传沉默因子。因此,我们表明 IRF4 控制着这些表观遗传修饰沉默的肿瘤抑制基因的表达,例如细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂 CDKN1A 和 CDKN1B、PI3-AKT 途径调节剂 PTEN 和初级纤毛成分。此外,IRF4 调节关键下游致癌途径的活性,如 WNT/β-catenin 和 AKT,影响细胞增殖和存活。因此,IRF4 改变了相关表观遗传药物对黑色素瘤细胞的有效性,这一发现鼓励进一步研究针对黑色素瘤中 IRF4 的治疗靶向。
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