Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
Path Economics, LLC, Amman, Jordan.
J Med Econ. 2024 Jan-Dec;27(1):880-886. doi: 10.1080/13696998.2024.2373002. Epub 2024 Jul 2.
To quantify the economic burden associated with tobacco smoking among smokers aged 30-69 years, and second-hand smokers (SHS) aged 15-69 years in Jordan.
A prevalence-based analysis was conducted in alignment with the Economics of Tobacco Toolkit developed by the WHO. The time-horizon of the analysis was one year (2019). Direct and indirect costs were estimated using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Diseases study. The analysis targeted the Jordanian population of smokers aged 30-69 years, and SHS aged 15-69 years. Adjustments were applied for age, gender, and smoking-related diseases. Direct costs were estimated using the smoking-attributable fraction (SAF) and national health expenditures. Indirect costs were divided into morbidity and mortality components. A discount rate of 3.0% and an annual productivity growth rate of 1.0% were assumed in modelling future economic losses. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on the lower and upper estimates of data used in this study.
The cost of tobacco smoking and SHS exposure was estimated at US$2,108 million (95% confidence interval [CI] = US$2,003 million-US$2,245 million). This represents 4.7% (95%CI = 4.5%-5.0%) of national gross domestic product (GDP). Direct costs accounted for 3.1% of national GDP. Tobacco smoking accounted for 85.0% of total cost and SHS exposure accounted for 15.0% of total cost. Direct costs accounted for 67.0% of total cost, while indirect morbidity and mortality costs accounted for 9.0% and 24.0% of total cost, respectively. Non-communicable diseases accounted for 96.0% of total direct costs compared to communicable diseases (4.0% of total direct costs).
Smoking cessation interventions such as raising taxes on cigarettes, protecting people from tobacco smoke, warning labels, plain packaging, and bans on advertising, are crucial for controlling national expenditures for treating smoking-related diseases and for averting future economic losses.
量化约旦 30-69 岁吸烟者和 15-69 岁二手烟暴露者的烟草使用相关经济负担。
本研究采用世卫组织经济烟草工具包中制定的基于流行率的分析方法。分析的时间范围为一年（2019 年）。直接和间接成本使用 2019 年全球疾病负担研究的数据进行估计。本研究针对的是约旦 30-69 岁的吸烟者和 15-69 岁的二手烟暴露者。针对年龄、性别和与吸烟相关的疾病进行了调整。直接成本使用吸烟归因分数（SAF）和国家卫生支出进行估计。间接成本分为发病率和死亡率两个部分。在模型中假设未来经济损失的贴现率为 3.0%，年生产力增长率为 1.0%。对本研究中使用的数据的较低和较高估计值进行了敏感性分析。
烟草使用和二手烟暴露的成本估计为 21.08 亿美元（95%置信区间[CI]：20.03 亿至 22.45 亿美元），占国民生产总值（GDP）的 4.7%（95%CI：4.5%-5.0%）。直接成本占国民生产总值的 3.1%。烟草使用占总成本的 85.0%，二手烟暴露占总成本的 15.0%。直接成本占总成本的 67.0%，而间接发病率和死亡率成本分别占总成本的 9.0%和 24.0%。非传染性疾病占总直接成本的 96.0%，而传染性疾病占总直接成本的 4.0%。
提高香烟税收、保护人们免受烟草烟雾危害、警示标签、普通包装和禁止广告等戒烟干预措施对于控制与吸烟相关疾病的国家支出和避免未来的经济损失至关重要。
