Chwał Małgorzata, Stawiarski Adam, Barski Marek, Augustyn Marcin
Department of Machine Design and Composite Structures, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Al. Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Kraków, Poland.
Materials (Basel). 2024 Jun 10;17(12):2830. doi: 10.3390/ma17122830.
Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates are used in many applications because of their availability, high mechanical properties, and cost-effectiveness. Fiber defects in the form of waviness or wrinkles can occur during the production of multilayered laminates. When curved laminates of significant thickness are produced, the likelihood of such defects increases. Studies have confirmed that fiber deformation during manufacture leads to a reduction in the mechanical properties of laminates. Therefore, early detection of such defects is essential. The main part of this paper deals with research into the possibility of using active infrared thermography to detect wrinkles in curved multilayered GFRP laminates. The size of the artificial wrinkles was assessed by analyzing scans and microimages. The shape deformations of the samples were evaluated by comparing the samples with the mold and the assumed nominal shape. The influence of the out-of-autoclave manufacturing process on the reduction in wrinkles formed without significantly affecting the internal structure of the laminate is presented in this work. This research demonstrated the ability to detect wrinkles in thick curved laminates using active infrared thermography. However, it also showed how the interpretation of the thermographic results is affected by the curvature of the structure, the lack of uniform heating, and the configuration of the thermographic setup.
玻璃纤维增强聚合物（GFRP）层压板因其可用性、高机械性能和成本效益而被广泛应用于许多领域。在多层层压板的生产过程中，可能会出现波纹或褶皱形式的纤维缺陷。当生产具有显著厚度的弯曲层压板时，出现此类缺陷的可能性会增加。研究证实，制造过程中的纤维变形会导致层压板机械性能下降。因此，早期检测此类缺陷至关重要。本文的主要部分致力于研究使用主动红外热成像技术检测弯曲多层GFRP层压板中褶皱的可能性。通过分析扫描图像和微观图像来评估人工褶皱的尺寸。通过将样品与模具以及假定的标称形状进行比较来评估样品的形状变形。本文介绍了非高压釜制造工艺对减少褶皱形成的影响，同时又不会显著影响层压板的内部结构。这项研究证明了使用主动红外热成像技术检测厚弯曲层压板中褶皱的能力。然而，它也表明了热成像结果的解释如何受到结构曲率、加热不均匀以及热成像设置配置的影响。
