Ihenetu Stanley Chukwuemeka, Xu Qiao, Khan Zulqarnain Haider, Kazmi Syed Shabi Ui Hassan, Ding Jing, Sun Qian, Li Gang
Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, 315830, China.
Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, 315830, China.
Environ Res. 2024 Oct 1;258:119492. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119492. Epub 2024 Jun 25.
To enhance tire durability, the antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is used in rubber, but it converts into the toxic 6PPD quinone (6PPD-Q) when exposed to oxidants like ozone (O), causing ecological concerns. This review synthesizes the existing data to assess the transformation, bioavailability, and potential hazards of two tire-derived pollutants 6PPD and 6PPD-Q. The comparative analysis of different thermal methods utilized in repurposing waste materials like tires and plastics into valuable products are analyzed. These methods shed light on the aspects of pyrolysis and catalytic conversion processes, providing valuable perspectives into optimizing the waste valorization and mitigating environmental impacts. Furthermore, we have examined the bioavailability and potential hazards of chemicals used in tire manufacturing, based on the literature included in this review. The bioavailability of these chemicals, particularly the transformation of 6PPD to 6PPD-Q, poses significant ecological risks. 6PPD-Q is highly bioavailable in aquatic environments, indicating its potential for widespread ecological harm. The persistence and mobility of 6PPD-Q in the environment, along with its toxicological effects, highlight the critical need for ongoing monitoring and the development of effective mitigation strategies to reduce its impact on both human health and ecosystem. Future research should focus on understanding the chronic effects of low-level exposure to these compounds on both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, as well as the potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain. Additionally, this review outlines the knowledge gaps, recommending further research into the toxicity of tire-derived pollutants in organisms and the health implications for humans and ecosystems.
为提高轮胎耐久性，抗氧剂N-(1,3-二甲基丁基)-N'-苯基对苯二胺（6PPD）被用于橡胶中，但当暴露于臭氧（O）等氧化剂时，它会转化为有毒的6PPD醌（6PPD-Q），引发生态问题。本综述综合现有数据，评估两种轮胎衍生污染物6PPD和6PPD-Q的转化、生物可利用性及潜在危害。分析了将轮胎和塑料等废料重新利用制成有价值产品时所采用的不同热方法的对比情况。这些方法揭示了热解和催化转化过程的各个方面，为优化废料增值利用和减轻环境影响提供了有价值的观点。此外，基于本综述中包含的文献，我们研究了轮胎制造中使用的化学品的生物可利用性和潜在危害。这些化学品的生物可利用性，尤其是6PPD向6PPD-Q的转化，带来了重大的生态风险。6PPD-Q在水生环境中具有很高的生物可利用性，表明其具有广泛生态危害的可能性。6PPD-Q在环境中的持久性和迁移性及其毒理学效应，凸显了持续监测以及制定有效缓解策略以减少其对人类健康和生态系统影响的迫切需求。未来的研究应侧重于了解低水平接触这些化合物对陆地和水生生态系统的慢性影响，以及它们在食物链中生物累积的可能性。此外，本综述概述了知识空白，建议进一步研究轮胎衍生污染物对生物体的毒性以及对人类和生态系统的健康影响。
