Cardiovascular computed tomography in cardiovascular disease: An overview of its applications from diagnosis to prediction.

Cardiovascular computed tomography angiography (CTA) is a widely used imaging modality in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. Advancements in CT imaging technology have further advanced its applications from high diagnostic value to minimising radiation exposure to patients. In addition to the standard application of assessing vascular lumen changes, CTA-derived applications including 3D printed personalised models, 3D visualisations such as virtual endoscopy, virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality, as well as CT-derived hemodynamic flow analysis and fractional flow reserve (FFRCT) greatly enhance the diagnostic performance of CTA in cardiovascular disease. The widespread application of artificial intelligence in medicine also significantly contributes to the clinical value of CTA in cardiovascular disease. Clinical value of CTA has extended from the initial diagnosis to identification of vulnerable lesions, and prediction of disease extent, hence improving patient care and management. In this review article, as an active researcher in cardiovascular imaging for more than 20 years, I will provide an overview of cardiovascular CTA in cardiovascular disease. It is expected that this review will provide readers with an update of CTA applications, from the initial lumen assessment to recent developments utilising latest novel imaging and visualisation technologies. It will serve as a useful resource for researchers and clinicians to judiciously use the cardiovascular CT in clinical practice.