Research Center and Centre EPIC, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2024 Nov 1;137(5):1158-1167. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00636.2023. Epub 2024 Jul 4.
This study compared the effects of linear (LP) and nonlinear (NLP) training periodization on cognitive functions, neurotrophic biomarkers [plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)], and cathepsin-B in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Forty-four patients with CAD reported to our laboratory on two occasions to undergo testing procedures before and after training sessions, and were then blindly randomized to NLP or LP for 36 training sessions. included blood samples and a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing to get maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o). included cognitive functions assessment. Thirty-nine patients completed the study (LP: = 20, NLP: = 19), with no observed changes in cognitive performances after the training intervention in either group. IGF-1 concentration decreased in both groups (time-effect: < 0.001), whereas BDNF concentration increased (time-effect: < 0.05) without group interaction, and cathepsin-B did not change after the intervention. Associations were found between ΔV̇o and ΔBDNF ( = 0.18, = 0.04), and ΔIGF-1 and Δshort-term/working memory ( = 0.17, = 0.01) in the pooled sample, with ΔIGF-1 and ΔBDNF accounting for 10% of the variance in Δshort-term/working memory. In the LP group, associations were found between ΔV̇o and ΔBDNF ( = 0.45, = 0.02), ΔBDNF and Δshort-term/working memory ( = 0.62, = 0.004), ΔIGF-1 and Δshort-term/working memory ( = 0.31, = 0.01), and ΔIGF-1 and Δexecutive function ( = 0.22, = 0.04). This study indicates that linear and nonlinear training periodization led to an increase in BDNF, and a decrease in IGF-1, without change in cognitive function in individuals with stable CAD. We used a novel and supervised iso-energetic training, integrating both moderate- and high-intensity aerobic exercises. Our findings indicate that greater variation in training load did not yield cognitive enhancements, although both protocols exhibited positive effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Moreover, this study establishes a clear positive association between short-term and working memory and neurotrophic biomarkers. In addition, the independent predictive value of change in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on improvement in short-term and working memory highlight the close relationship between neurotrophic markers and cognition. Consequently, our results advocate for exercise training interventions targeting neurotrophic biomarkers to enhance cognitive function among individuals with coronary artery disease.
这项研究比较了线性（LP）和非线性（NLP）训练周期对认知功能、神经营养生物标志物[血浆脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）、胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）]和半胱氨酸蛋白酶-B 的影响，在冠心病（CAD）患者中。44 名 CAD 患者两次到我们的实验室进行测试程序，然后在训练课程前后进行盲随机分组，接受 NLP 或 LP 训练 36 次。包括血液样本和最大心肺运动测试以获得最大摄氧量（V̇o）。包括认知功能评估。39 名患者完成了研究（LP：n=20，NLP：n=19），两组在训练干预后认知表现均无变化。两组 IGF-1 浓度均下降（时间效应：<0.001），而 BDNF 浓度增加（时间效应：<0.05），无组间相互作用，干预后半胱氨酸蛋白酶-B 无变化。在合并样本中，发现ΔV̇o 与 ΔBDNF 之间存在相关性（r=0.18，p=0.04），ΔIGF-1 与短期/工作记忆之间存在相关性（r=0.17，p=0.01），ΔIGF-1 和 ΔBDNF 占短期/工作记忆变异性的 10%。在 LP 组中，发现ΔV̇o 与 ΔBDNF（r=0.45，p=0.02）、ΔBDNF 与短期/工作记忆（r=0.62，p=0.004）、ΔIGF-1 与短期/工作记忆（r=0.31，p=0.01）和 ΔIGF-1 与执行功能（r=0.22，p=0.04）之间存在相关性。这项研究表明，线性和非线性训练周期导致 BDNF 增加，IGF-1 减少，但稳定 CAD 患者的认知功能没有变化。我们使用了一种新颖的、有监督的等能量训练方法，结合了中等强度和高强度的有氧运动。我们的发现表明，更大的训练负荷变化并没有带来认知增强，尽管两种方案都对脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）水平产生了积极影响。此外，本研究还建立了短期和工作记忆与神经营养生物标志物之间明确的正相关关系。此外，胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）变化对短期和工作记忆改善的独立预测值突出了神经营养标志物与认知之间的密切关系。因此，我们的结果主张针对神经营养生物标志物的运动训练干预措施，以增强冠心病患者的认知功能。
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