Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh.
Med Biol Eng Comput. 2024 Dec;62(12):3687-3708. doi: 10.1007/s11517-024-03157-1. Epub 2024 Jul 4.
Continuous blood pressure (BP) provides essential information for monitoring one's health condition. However, BP is currently monitored using uncomfortable cuff-based devices, which does not support continuous BP monitoring. This paper aims to introduce a blood pressure monitoring algorithm based on only photoplethysmography (PPG) signals using the deep neural network (DNN). The PPG signals are obtained from 125 unique subjects with 218 records and filtered using signal processing algorithms to reduce the effects of noise, such as baseline wandering, and motion artifacts. The proposed algorithm is based on pulse wave analysis of PPG signals, extracted various domain features from PPG signals, and mapped them to BP values. Four feature selection methods are applied and yielded four feature subsets. Therefore, an ensemble feature selection technique is proposed to obtain the optimal feature set based on major voting scores from four feature subsets. DNN models, along with the ensemble feature selection technique, outperformed in estimating the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) compared to previously reported approaches that rely only on the PPG signal. The coefficient of determination ( ) and mean absolute error (MAE) of the proposed algorithm are 0.962 and 2.480 mmHg, respectively, for SBP and 0.955 and 1.499 mmHg, respectively, for DBP. The proposed approach meets the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation standard for SBP and DBP estimations. Additionally, according to the British Hypertension Society standard, the results attained Grade A for both SBP and DBP estimations. It concludes that BP can be estimated more accurately using the optimal feature set and DNN models. The proposed algorithm has the potential ability to facilitate mobile healthcare devices to monitor continuous BP.
连续血压(BP)提供了监测健康状况的重要信息。然而,目前的血压监测是使用不舒适的基于袖带的设备进行的,这些设备不支持连续血压监测。本文旨在介绍一种仅使用光体积描记图(PPG)信号的血压监测算法,该算法使用深度神经网络(DNN)。从 125 名具有 218 条记录的独特受试者中获得 PPG 信号,并使用信号处理算法对其进行滤波,以减少基线漂移和运动伪影等噪声的影响。所提出的算法基于 PPG 信号的脉搏波分析,从 PPG 信号中提取各种域特征,并将其映射到 BP 值。应用了四种特征选择方法,并得到了四个特征子集。因此,提出了一种集成特征选择技术,根据四个特征子集的主要投票分数来获得最佳特征集。与仅依赖 PPG 信号的先前报道方法相比,DNN 模型和集成特征选择技术在估计收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)方面表现更好。所提出算法的决定系数( )和平均绝对误差(MAE)分别为 SBP 的 0.962 和 2.480 mmHg,DBP 的 0.955 和 1.499 mmHg。所提出的方法符合医疗器械进步协会对 SBP 和 DBP 估计的标准。此外,根据英国高血压学会的标准,该方法在 SBP 和 DBP 估计方面均达到 A 级。这表明使用最优特征集和 DNN 模型可以更准确地估计 BP。所提出的算法具有使移动医疗设备能够监测连续 BP 的潜在能力。
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