Subsurface Profiling of Ion Migration and Swelling in Conducting Polymer Actuators with Modulated Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscopy.

Understanding the dynamics of ion migration and volume change is crucial to studying the functionality and long-term stability of soft polymeric materials operating at liquid interfaces, but the subsurface characterization of swelling processes in these systems remains elusive. In this work, we address the issue using modulated electrochemical atomic force microscopy as a depth-sensitive technique to study electroswelling effects in the high-performance actuator material polypyrrole doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate (Ppy:DBS). We perform multidimensional measurements combining local electroswelling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopies on microstructured Ppy:DBS actuators. We interpret charge accumulation in the polymeric matrix with a quantitative model, giving access to both the spatiotemporal dynamics of ion migration and the distribution of electroswelling in the electroactive polymer layer. The findings demonstrate a nonuniform distribution of the effective ionic volume in the Ppy:DBS layer depending on the film morphology and redox state. Our findings indicate that the highly efficient actuation performance of Ppy:DBS is caused by rearrangements of the polymer microstructure induced by charge accumulation in the soft polymeric matrix, increasing the effective ionic volume in the bulk of the electroactive film for up to two times the value measured in free water.