Behavioral impairments and disrupted mitochondrial energy metabolism induced by polypropylene microplastics in zebrafish larvae.

Polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) are emerging pollutant commonly detected in various environmental matrices and organisms, while their adverse effects and mechanisms are not well known. Here, zebrafish embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of PP-MPs (0.08-50 mg/L) from 2 h post-fertilization (hpf) until 120 hpf. The results showed that the body weight was increased at 2 mg/L, heart rate was reduced at 0.08 and 10 mg/L, and behaviors were impaired at 0.4, 10 or 50 mg/L. Subsequently, transcriptomic analysis in the 0.4 and 50 mg/L PP-MPs treatment groups indicated potential inhibition on the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. These findings were validated through alterations in multiple biomarkers related to glucose metabolism. Moreover, abnormal mitochondrial ultrastructures were observed in the intestine and liver in 0.4 and 50 mg/L PP-MPs treatment groups, accompanied by significant decreases in the activities of four mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes and ATP contents. Oxidative stress was also induced, as indicated by significantly increased ROS levels and significant reduced activities of CAT and SOD and GSH contents. All the results suggested that environmentally relevant concentrations of PP-MPs could induce disrupted mitochondrial energy metabolism in zebrafish, which may be associated with the observed behavioral impairments. This study will provide novel insights into PP-MPs-induced adverse effects and highlight need for further research.