Institute of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
Institute of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
Chemosphere. 2024 Sep;363:142799. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142799. Epub 2024 Jul 8.
Effective degradation technologies have been extensively investigated and used to remove azo dyes from wastewater for decades. However, no review dealing with both electrooxidation and chemical reduction of azo dyes from an economic and, therefore, application-relevant perspective has been found in the current literature. A novelty of this review article consists not only in the brief summarization and comparison of both methods but mainly in the evaluation of their economic side. Based on the literature survey of the last 15 years, the costs of treatment approaches published in individual research articles have been summarized, and the missing data have been calculated. A broad spectrum of advanced electrode materials and catalysts have been developed and tested for the treatment, specifically aiming to enhance the degradation performance. An outline of the global prices of electrode materials, reducing agents, and basic chemicals is involved. All additional costs are described in depth in this review. The advantages and disadvantages of respective methods are discussed. It was revealed that effective and cheap treatment approaches can be found even in advanced degradation methods. Based on the collected data, electrooxidation methods offer, on average, 30 times cheaper treatment of aqueous solutions. Concerning chemical reduction, only ZVI provided high removal of azo dyes at prices <100 $ per kg of azo dye. The factors affecting total prices should also be considered. Therefore, the basic diagram of the decision-making process is proposed. In the conclusion, challenges, future perspectives, and critical findings are described.
几十年来，人们已经广泛研究和应用了有效的降解技术来去除废水中的偶氮染料。然而，在当前的文献中，尚未发现从经济角度（因此也是从应用相关的角度）来处理偶氮染料的电氧化和化学还原这两种方法的综述。本文的新颖之处不仅在于对这两种方法进行了简要的总结和比较，而且主要在于对它们的经济方面进行了评估。根据过去 15 年的文献调查，本文总结了各个研究文章中公布的处理方法的成本，并对缺失的数据进行了计算。已经开发并测试了广泛的先进电极材料和催化剂，特别是旨在提高降解性能。本文还概述了全球电极材料、还原剂和基础化学品的价格。在本文中详细描述了所有其他的附加成本。讨论了各自方法的优缺点。结果表明，即使在先进的降解方法中，也可以找到有效且廉价的处理方法。根据收集的数据，电氧化方法处理水溶液的平均价格便宜 30 倍。对于化学还原，只有 ZVI 以低于 100 美元/公斤偶氮染料的价格提供了偶氮染料的高效去除。还应考虑影响总价格的因素。因此，提出了决策过程的基本图。在结论中，描述了挑战、未来展望和关键发现。
