Improving sunflower growth and arsenic bioremediation in polluted environments: Insights from ecotoxicology and sustainable mitigation approaches.

The issue of arsenic (As) contamination in the environment has become a critical concern, impacting both human health and ecological equilibrium. Addressing this challenge requires a comprehensive strategy encompassing water treatment technologies, regulatory measures for industrial effluents, and the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices. In this study, diverse strategies were explored to enhance As accumulation in the presence of while safeguarding the host from the toxic effects of arsenate exposure. The sunflower seedlings associated with demonstrated a favorable relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) even less than 100 ppm of As stress. Remarkably, the NAR and RGR of -associated seedlings outperformed those of control seedlings cultivated without in As-free conditions. Additionally, a markedly greater buildup of bio-transformed As was observed in -associated seedlings (P = 0.05). An intriguing observation was the normal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in -associated seedlings, along with elevated activities of key enzymatic antioxidants like catalases (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidases (POD), along with non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenols and flavonoids). This coordinated antioxidant defense system likely contributed to the improved survival and growth of the host plant species amidst As stress. not only augmented the growth of the host plants but also facilitated the uptake of bio-transformed As in the contaminated medium. The rhizobacterium's modulation of various biochemical and physiological parameters indicates its role in ensuring the better survival and progression of the host plants under As stress.