Dodson Samira A, Westerman Deanne L
Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, New York, USA.
Cogn Emot. 2025 May;39(3):554-573. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2373321. Epub 2024 Jul 11.
Emotional information is reliably predicted to be remembered better than neutral information, and this has been found for words, images, and facial expressions. However, many studies find that these judgments of learning (JOLs) are not predictive of memory performance (e.g. [Hourihan, K. L. (2020). Misleading emotions: Judgments of learning overestimate recognition of negative and positive emotional images. 34(4), 771-782. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1682972]). The present study investigates and rules out numerous potential causes for this discrepancy between memory predictions and performance, including (1) reactivity to making JOLs, (2) idiosyncrasies of specific images used, (3), type of memory test, and (4) effects of fluency. Three additional experiments investigate whether JOLs can become more predictive of memory performance, either by experience with the task or by manipulating prior beliefs about memory for emotional images. In all experiments, we found the same effect: Emotional images are inaccurately predicted to be remembered better than neutral images. The results suggest that emotion is used as a heuristic for learning, resulting in low metamnemonic accuracy for emotional stimuli.
据可靠预测，情绪信息比中性信息更容易被记住，在单词、图像和面部表情方面均已发现这一现象。然而，许多研究发现，这些学习判断（JOLs）并不能预测记忆表现（例如[胡里汉，K. L.（2020年）。误导性情绪：学习判断高估了对负面和正面情绪图像的识别。34(4)，771 - 782。https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1682972]）。本研究调查并排除了记忆预测与表现之间这种差异的众多潜在原因，包括（1）做出JOLs时的反应性，（2）所用特定图像的特质，（3）记忆测试的类型，以及（4）流畅性的影响。另外三个实验研究了JOLs是否可以通过任务经验或操纵对情绪图像记忆的先验信念而更能预测记忆表现。在所有实验中，我们都发现了相同的效应：情绪图像被不准确地预测为比中性图像更容易被记住。结果表明，情绪被用作学习的一种启发式方法，导致对情绪刺激的元记忆准确性较低。
