Blood and Shock Resuscitation, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA.
Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jun 26;25(13):6973. doi: 10.3390/ijms25136973.
The risks of severe ionizing radiation exposure are increasing due to the involvement of nuclear powers in combat operations, the increasing use of nuclear power, and the existence of terrorist threats. Exposure to a whole-body radiation dose above about 0.7 Gy results in H-ARS (hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome), which is characterized by damage to the hematopoietic system; higher doses result in further damage to the gastrointestinal and nervous systems. Only a few medical countermeasures for ARS are currently available and approved for use, although others are in development. Cell therapies (cells or products produced by cells) are complex therapeutics that show promise for the treatment of radiation injury and have been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity in animal models. Since clinical trials for ARS cannot be ethically conducted, animal testing is extremely important. Here, we describe cell therapies that have been tested in animal models. Both cells and cell products appear to promote survival and lessen tissue damage after whole-body irradiation, although the mechanisms are not clear. Because radiation exposure often occurs in conjunction with other traumatic injuries, animal models of combined injury involving radiation and future countermeasure testing for these complex medical problems are also discussed.
由于核大国参与作战行动、核能使用日益增加以及存在恐怖主义威胁，严重电离辐射暴露的风险正在增加。全身辐射剂量超过约 0.7 Gy 会导致造血急性辐射综合征（hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome，H-ARS），其特征是造血系统受损；更高的剂量会导致胃肠道和神经系统的进一步损伤。目前仅有少数针对急性辐射综合征的医疗对策被批准使用，尽管还有其他对策正在开发中。细胞疗法（细胞或由细胞产生的产品）是复杂的治疗方法，有希望用于治疗辐射损伤，并已被证明可降低动物模型中的死亡率和发病率。由于不能从伦理上进行针对急性辐射综合征的临床试验，动物试验极其重要。在这里，我们描述了已在动物模型中进行测试的细胞疗法。细胞和细胞产品似乎都能促进全身照射后的存活并减轻组织损伤，尽管其机制尚不清楚。由于辐射暴露通常与其他创伤性损伤同时发生，因此还讨论了涉及辐射的联合损伤的动物模型以及针对这些复杂医学问题的未来对策测试。
