Department of Environmental Microbiology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India.
Department of Environmental Microbiology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India.
Aquat Toxicol. 2024 Aug;273:107019. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107019. Epub 2024 Jul 2.
The interaction of the environment with the effluent of wastewater treatment plants, having antibiotics, multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, and biofilm-forming genes (BFGs), has vast environmental risks. Antibiotic pollution bottlenecks environmental bacteria and has the potential to significantly lower the biodiversity of environmental bacteria, causing an alteration in ecological equilibrium. It can induce selective pressure for antibiotic resistance (AR) and can transform the non-resistant environmental bacteria into a resistant form through HGT. This study investigated the occurrence of MDR bacteria, showing phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of biofilm. The bacteria were isolated from the pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Dehradun and Haridwar (India), located in the pharmaceutical areas. The findings of this study demonstrate the coexistence of BFGs and MDR clinical bacteria in the vicinity of pharmaceutical industrial wastewater treatment plants. A total of 47 bacteria were isolated from both WWTPs and tested for antibiotic resistance to 13 different antibiotics; 16 isolates (34.04 %) tested positive for MDR. 5 (31.25 %) of these 16 MDR isolates were producing biofilm and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Burkholderia cepacia. The targeted BFGs in this study were ompA, bap and pslA. The most common co-occurring gene was ompA (80 %), with pslA (40 %) being the least common. A. baumannii contains all three targeted genes, whereas B. cepacia only has bap. Except for B. cepacia, all the biofilm-forming MDR isolates show AR to all the tested antibiotics and prove that the biofilm enhances the AR potential. The samples of both wastewater treatment plants also showed the occurrence of tetracycline, ampicillin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol, along with high levels of BOD, COD, PO, NO, heavy metals and organic pollutants. The co-occurrence of MDR and biofilm-forming tendency in the clinical strain of bacteria and its environmental dissemination may have an array of hazardous impacts on human and environmental health.
环境与含有抗生素、多药耐药（MDR）细菌和生物膜形成基因（BFGs）的废水处理厂废水的相互作用存在巨大的环境风险。抗生素污染限制了环境细菌的生存，并有可能显著降低环境细菌的多样性，导致生态平衡发生变化。它可以诱导抗生素耐药性（AR）的选择压力，并通过 HGT 将非耐药环境细菌转化为耐药形式。本研究调查了多药耐药细菌的发生情况，这些细菌表现出生物膜的表型和基因型特征。这些细菌是从印度德拉敦和哈里德瓦尔（Haridwar）的制药废水处理厂（WWTP）中分离出来的，这些地点位于制药区。本研究的结果表明，BFGs 和 MDR 临床细菌在制药工业废水处理厂附近共存。从两个 WWTP 共分离出 47 株细菌，并对 13 种不同抗生素的耐药性进行了测试；16 株（34.04%）分离株对 MDR 呈阳性。这 16 株 MDR 分离株中有 5 株（31.25%）产生生物膜，并鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌。本研究中的目标 BFGs 是 ompA、bap 和 pslA。最常见的共同发生基因是 ompA（80%），而 pslA（40%）是最不常见的。鲍曼不动杆菌含有所有三个目标基因，而洋葱伯克霍尔德菌仅含有 bap。除了洋葱伯克霍尔德菌外，所有形成生物膜的 MDR 分离株都对所有测试的抗生素表现出 AR，并证明生物膜增强了 AR 潜力。两个废水处理厂的样本还显示出四环素、氨苄西林、红霉素和氯霉素的存在，以及高浓度的 BOD、COD、PO、NO、重金属和有机污染物。临床菌株中 MDR 和生物膜形成倾向的共同发生及其在环境中的传播可能对人类和环境健康产生一系列有害影响。
