U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrence, KS, USA.
U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA.
Chemosphere. 2024 Sep;363:142830. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142830. Epub 2024 Jul 11.
The environmental ubiquity of tire and road wear particles (TRWP) underscores the need to understand the occurrence, persistence, and environmental effects of tire-related chemicals in aquatic ecosystems. One such chemical is 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), a transformation product of the tire antioxidant 6PPD. In urban stormwater runoff 6PPD-Q can exceed acute toxicity thresholds for several salmonid species and is being implicated in significant coho salmon losses in the Pacific Northwest. There is a critical need to understand the prevalence of 6PPD-Q across watersheds to identify habitats heavily affected by TRWPs. We conducted a reconnaissance of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q in surface waters across the United States from sites (N = 94) with varying land use (urban, agricultural, and forested) and streamflow to better understand stream exposures. A rapid, low-volume direct-inject, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantitation of 6PPD-Q and screening for 6PPD. Laboratory holding times, bottle material, headspace, and filter materials were investigated to inform best practices for 6PPD-Q sampling and analysis. Glass bottles with PTFE-lined caps minimized sorption and borosilicate glass fiber filters provided the highest recovery. 6PPD-Q was stable for at least 5 months in pure laboratory solutions and for 75 days at 5 °C with minimal headspace in the investigated surface water and stormwaters. Results also indicated samples can be frozen to extend holding times. 6PPD was not detected in any of the 526 analyzed samples and there were no detections of 6PPD-Q at agricultural or forested sites. 6PPD-Q was frequently detected in stormwater (57%, N = 90) and from urban impacted sites (45%, N = 276) with concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 0.29 μg/L. The highest concentrations, above the lethal level for coho salmon, occurred during stormwater runoff events. This highlights the importance of capturing episodic runoff events in urban areas near ecologically relevant habitat or nursery grounds for sensitive species.
轮胎和道路磨损颗粒（TRWP）在环境中无处不在，这突显了了解轮胎相关化学物质在水生生态系统中的发生、持久性和环境影响的必要性。其中一种化学物质是 6PPD-醌（6PPD-Q），它是轮胎抗氧化剂 6PPD 的转化产物。在城市雨水径流中，6PPD-Q 可能超过几种鲑鱼物种的急性毒性阈值，并且与太平洋西北地区鲑鱼大量减少有关。迫切需要了解整个流域 6PPD-Q 的流行情况，以确定受 TRWP 严重影响的生境。我们在美国进行了一项对不同土地利用（城市、农业和森林）和溪流流量的地表水 6PPD 和 6PPD-Q 的侦察，以更好地了解溪流暴露情况。开发了一种快速、小体积直接注入、液相色谱质谱法，用于定量测定 6PPD-Q，并筛选 6PPD。研究了实验室保留时间、瓶材料、顶空和过滤材料，以为 6PPD-Q 采样和分析提供最佳实践。带 PTFE 衬里的瓶盖的玻璃瓶可最大程度减少吸附，硼硅酸盐玻璃纤维过滤器可提供最高的回收率。在研究的地表水和雨水样中，6PPD-Q 在纯实验室溶液中至少稳定 5 个月，在 5°C 下最小顶空条件下稳定 75 天。结果还表明，可以将样品冷冻以延长保留时间。在分析的 526 个样品中均未检测到 6PPD，在农业或森林地区也未检测到 6PPD-Q。6PPD-Q 经常在暴雨（57%，N=90）和城市受影响地区（45%，N=276）中检测到，浓度范围为 0.002 至 0.29μg/L。最高浓度出现在对 coho 鲑鱼具有致命水平的暴雨径流事件期间。这突显了在靠近生态相关栖息地或敏感物种育苗场的城市地区捕获偶发性径流事件的重要性。
