Williams David
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ES and St John's College, Cambridge, CB2 1TP, England, UK.
Eye (Lond). 2025 Mar;39(4):683-687. doi: 10.1038/s41433-024-03131-z. Epub 2024 Jul 13.
The eye requires the ability to focus images near and far and throughout evolution numerous mechanisms have developed to allow this accommodation. From primitive organisms which use a small pupil to effect pinhole camera optics without a lens through more complex eyes with a lens that is moved antero-posteriorly along the visual axis or the shape of which is changed, the eye has engineered numerous accommodative mechanisms. Human inventors have developed cameras with remarkable accommodative abilities but none match the remarkable focussing abilities of the four-eyed fish Anableps or the cormorant which similarly manages to focus above and below water, to give just two examples from the animal kingdom, perfectly adapted to their environments and behaviours.
眼睛需要具备聚焦远近物体的能力，在整个进化过程中，已经发展出了多种机制来实现这种调节。从使用小瞳孔来实现针孔相机光学原理而无需晶状体的原始生物，到具有可沿视轴前后移动或改变形状的晶状体的更复杂眼睛，眼睛进化出了众多调节机制。人类发明家已经开发出了具有出色调节能力的相机，但没有一款能与四眼鱼Anableps或鸬鹚卓越的聚焦能力相媲美，鸬鹚同样能够在水上和水下都实现完美聚焦，仅从动物王国中举这两个例子，它们都完美地适应了各自的环境和行为。
