School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Cal State University Dominguez Hills, Dominguez Hills, 1000 E Victoria St, Carson, CA, 90747, USA.
Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
J Community Health. 2024 Dec;49(6):1073-1094. doi: 10.1007/s10900-024-01374-1. Epub 2024 Jul 14.
Hookahs have been rising in popularity in the United States (U.S.) especially among the youth yet not much research has been carried out to understand the various predictors of hookah use among youth. We have thus conducted a cross-sectional study with a mixed-methods triangulation design to identify the hookah use determinants at different levels of the Social Ecological Model among youth. Participants between the ages of 18-24 years were sampled purposively, between April to November 2023, following a snowballing technique from various communities in Virginia and California, United States. Data were collected via a survey, one-on-one interviews, and focus groups. The study had a total sample size of 20. We found that participants smoked for a median of 5 times in the past 30 days. The main determinants of hookah smoking included the limited knowledge of health effects and addiction, positive attitude, family and peer influence, use as a means to socially connect with others, culture, social acceptability, lack of education at school and work place, access to hookah bars and smoke shops, and lack of strict enforcement of laws to ban smoking of youth. Educational interventions should be implemented by public health authorities to target the youth, their social and communities to provide education on hookah harm and addictiveness and to restrict access to- and the production, distribution, marketing and sales of hookahs.
水烟壶在美国（美国）越来越受欢迎，尤其是在年轻人中，但对于理解年轻人吸用水烟壶的各种预测因素，研究还不多。因此，我们进行了一项横断面研究，采用混合方法三角测量设计，在社会生态模型的不同层次上确定年轻人吸用水烟壶的决定因素。2023 年 4 月至 11 月期间，我们通过滚雪球技术从美国弗吉尼亚州和加利福尼亚州的各个社区有目的地抽取了 18-24 岁之间的参与者。通过调查、一对一访谈和焦点小组收集数据。研究共有 20 名参与者。我们发现，参与者在过去 30 天内平均吸烟 5 次。吸用水烟壶的主要决定因素包括对健康影响和成瘾的认识有限、积极的态度、家庭和同伴的影响、将其作为与他人社交的一种手段、文化、社会可接受性、学校和工作场所缺乏教育、接触水烟酒吧和烟店、以及缺乏严格执行禁止年轻人吸烟的法律。公共卫生当局应实施教育干预措施，针对青年及其社会和社区，提供有关水烟壶危害和成瘾性的教育，并限制水烟壶的生产、分销、营销和销售。
