A review of microplastics on anammox: Influences and mechanisms.

Microplastics (MPs) are prevalent in diverse environmental settings, posing a threat to plants and animals in the water and soil and even human health, and eventually converged in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), threatening the stable operation of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). Consequently, a comprehensive summary of their impacts on anammox and the underlying mechanisms must be provided. This article reviews the sources and removal efficiency of MPs in WWTPs, as well as the influencing factors and mechanisms on anammox systems. Numerous studies have demonstrated that MPs in the environment can enter WWTPs via domestic wastewater, rainwater, and industrial wastewater discharges. More than 90% of these MPs are found to accumulate in the sludge following their passage through the treatment units of the WWTPs, affecting the characteristics of the sludge and the efficiency of the microorganisms treating the wastewater. The key parameters of MPs, encompassing concentration, particle size, and type, exert a notable influence on the nitrogen removal efficiency, physicochemical characteristics of sludge, and microbial community structure in anammox systems. It is noteworthy that extracellular polymer secretion (EPS) and reactive oxygen stress (ROS) are important impact mechanisms by which MPs exposure affects anammox systems. In addition, the influence of MPs exposure on the microbial community structure of anammox cells represents a crucial mechanism that demands attention. Future research endeavors will delve into additional crucial parameters of MPs, such as shape and aging, to investigate their effects and mechanisms on anammox. Furthermore, the effective mitigation strategies will also be developed. The paper provides a fresh insight to reveal the influences of MPs exposure on the anammox process and its influence mechanisms, and lays the groundwork for further exploration into the influence of MPs on anammox and potential mitigation strategies.