Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6722-2586.
Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
J Opioid Manag. 2024 May-Jun;20(3):197-207. doi: 10.5055/jom.0860.
Early work suggests the type of subjective experiences upon first opioid use may predict opioid use disorder (OUD) risk. This study developed and pilot-tested a brief survey to evaluate the "first response" to opioids.
A cross-sectional survey research study. The survey was administered to a subsample for the second time to assess test-retest reliability.
Outpatient.
Convenience sample of adults treated for OUD at an opioid treatment program.
A seven-question First Response to Opioids Survey Tool (FROST), developed based on the existing questionnaires and stakeholder-advisor feedback, was evaluated.
Participants (N = 157) were 36.8 (standard deviation [SD] = 9.4) years old, with 79.6 percent identifying as Caucasian and 56.7 percent male. They reported opioid initiation at 20.6 (SD = 8.8) years old, with a prescription-based (78.3 percent), orally administered (66.2 percent), and illicitly procured (51.0 percent) opioids. Upon opioid initiation, positive-valence, euphoria-like subjective experiences of feeling "comfortable" (65.0 percent), "happy" (61.1 percent), "euphoria" (58.6 percent), and "energized" (44.6 percent) were common, and different (p < 0.05) from other types of subjective experiences. Among 64 individuals who answered a question about "drug-liking," 50 (78.1 percent) reported drug-liking. Among 31 respondents who completed the survey a second time, the test-retest consistency was 78.2 percent for subjective experience characteristics and 72 percent for drug-liking responses. Qualitative results corroborated quantitative findings.
These results suggest that euphoria-type experiences and drug-liking upon opioid initiation are common among adults with OUD and FROST's promising psychometric properties. Future research should assess clinical utility of this brief survey, which could be applied at bedside and help identify those at risk for OUD, guide safer opioid prescribing, and reduce opioid-related harm.
早期研究表明，初次使用阿片类药物时的主观体验类型可能预示着阿片类药物使用障碍（OUD）的风险。本研究开发并初步测试了一项简短的调查，以评估对阿片类药物的“第一反应”。
一项横断面调查研究。该调查对亚样本进行了第二次测试，以评估测试-重测信度。
门诊。
在阿片类药物治疗计划中接受 OUD 治疗的成人便利样本。
根据现有问卷和利益相关者顾问的反馈意见，开发了一个七项的阿片类药物初次反应调查工具（FROST），并对其进行了评估。
参与者（N=157）年龄为 36.8（标准差[SD]=9.4）岁，79.6%为白种人，56.7%为男性。他们报告的阿片类药物起始年龄为 20.6（SD=8.8）岁，起始药物为处方（78.3%）、口服（66.2%）和非法获取（51.0%）。在开始使用阿片类药物时，常见的积极主观体验包括“舒适”（65.0%）、“快乐”（61.1%）、“欣快”（58.6%）和“精力充沛”（44.6%），与其他类型的主观体验不同（p<0.05）。在 64 名回答“喜欢药物”问题的个体中，有 50 名（78.1%）报告喜欢药物。在 31 名完成第二次调查的受访者中，主观体验特征的测试-重测一致性为 78.2%，药物喜好反应的测试-重测一致性为 72%。定性结果证实了定量结果。
这些结果表明，OUD 成年人中常见的阿片类药物初始体验包括欣快型体验和药物喜好，FROST 具有良好的心理测量学特性。未来的研究应评估该简短调查的临床应用价值，该调查可应用于临床，帮助识别那些有 OUD 风险的患者，指导更安全的阿片类药物处方，并减少阿片类药物相关危害。
