Byrska Bogumiła, Stanaszek Roman
Professor Jan Sehn Institute of Forensic Research, Krakow, Poland.
Forensic Toxicol. 2025 Jan;43(1):22-32. doi: 10.1007/s11419-024-00691-3. Epub 2024 Jul 17.
The most commonly associated substance found in Ecstasy tablets is MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). In our study, we showed how the composition of psychoactive ingredients in Ecstasy tablets seized on the drug market in Poland has changed in the years 2005-2020.
The study material consisted of nearly 20,000 single Ecstasy tablets seized by representatives of law enforcement (the police, prosecutors) from 2005 to 2020 and analysed by the Institute of Forensic Research, Krakow, Poland. The analysis of the tablets was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (UHPLC-PDA).
Currently, new types of MDMA tablets are introduced onto the market, available in various colours and shapes. Our study showed that tablets sold on the street as Ecstasy have variable purity and sometimes contain little or no MDMA. The mean content of MDMA in one tablet seized in 2005-2011 decreased from 90 to 50 mg. In 2013, Ecstasy tablets with a very high MDMA content (average 195 mg per tablet) appeared on the market, but in the next 2 years, the MDMA content decreased again. From 2016, the average MDMA content began to rise again, ranging from 60 to 280 mg.
Tablets sold as Ecstasy also contained completely different psychoactive substances, including new psychoactive substances (NPS) (found in almost 20% of all examined tablets sold as Ecstasy) belonging to different chemical groups or their dangerous combinations (i.e. phenylethylamines, piperazines, tryptamines, cathinones, arylalkylamines, arylcyclohexylamines and piperidines). Such a large variety of psychoactive substances in Ecstasy tablets is associated with a high risk for users unaware of their composition.
摇头丸片剂中最常出现的相关物质是3,4-亚甲基二氧基甲基苯丙胺（MDMA）。在我们的研究中，我们展示了2005年至2020年期间波兰毒品市场上查获的摇头丸片剂中精神活性成分的构成是如何变化的。
研究材料包括2005年至2020年期间执法人员（警察、检察官）查获的近20000片单一摇头丸片剂，并由波兰克拉科夫法医研究所进行分析。片剂分析采用气相色谱 - 质谱联用（GC - MS）、带二极管阵列检测的高效液相色谱法（HPLC - DAD）和带光电二极管阵列检测的超高效液相色谱法（UHPLC - PDA）。
目前，新型MDMA片剂投放市场，有各种颜色和形状。我们的研究表明，街头作为摇头丸出售的片剂纯度各异，有时几乎不含或根本不含MDMA。2005年至2011年查获的一片摇头丸中MDMA的平均含量从90毫克降至50毫克。2013年，MDMA含量非常高（平均每片195毫克）的摇头丸片剂出现在市场上，但在接下来的两年里，MDMA含量再次下降。从2016年起，MDMA平均含量又开始上升，范围在60至280毫克之间。
作为摇头丸出售的片剂还含有完全不同的精神活性物质，包括新型精神活性物质（NPS）（在几乎20%作为摇头丸出售的所有检测片剂中发现），它们属于不同化学类别或其危险组合（即苯乙胺类、哌嗪类、色胺类、卡西酮类、芳基烷基胺类、芳基环己胺类和哌啶类）。摇头丸片剂中如此多种类的精神活性物质给不了解其成分的使用者带来了高风险。
