Synchronously in vivo real-time monitoring bacterial load and temperature with evaluating immune response to decipher bacterial infection.

Determining the precise course of bacterial infection requires abundant in vivo real-time data. Synchronous monitoring of the bacterial load, temperature, and immune response can satisfy the shortage of real-time in vivo data. Here, we conducted a study in the joint-infected mouse model to synchronously monitor the bacterial load, temperature, and immune response using the second near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging, infrared thermography, and immune response analysis for 2 weeks. () was proved successfully labeled with glucose-conjugated quantum dots in vitro and in subcutaneous-infected model. The bacterial load indicated by NIR-II fluorescence imaging underwent a sharp drop at 1 day postinfection. At the same time, the temperature gap detected through infrared thermography synchronously brought by infection reached lowest value. Meanwhile, the flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that immune response including macrophage, neutrophil, B lymphocyte, and T lymphocyte increased to the peak at 1 day postinfection. Moreover, both M1 macrophage and M2 macrophage in the blood have an obvious change at ~ 1 day postinfection, and the change was opposite. In summary, this study not only obtained real-time and long-time in vivo data on the bacterial load, temperature gap, and immune response in the mice model of infection, but also found that 1 day postinfection was the key time point during immune response against infection. Our study will contribute to synchronously and precisely studying the complicated complex dynamic relationship after bacterial infection at the animal level.