Department of Pathology, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Pediatric, Preventive Dentistry and Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.
J Med Virol. 2024 Jul;96(7):e29807. doi: 10.1002/jmv.29807.
The interplay between viral pathogens and host metabolism plays a pivotal role in determining the outcome of viral infections. Upon viral detection, the metabolic landscape of the host cell undergoes significant changes, shifting from oxidative respiration via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to increased aerobic glycolysis. This metabolic shift is accompanied by elevated nutrient accessibility, which is vital for cell function, development, and proliferation. Furthermore, depositing metabolites derived from fatty acids, TCA intermediates, and amino acid catabolism accelerates the immunometabolic transition, facilitating pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial responses. Immunometabolites refer to small molecules involved in cellular metabolism regulating the immune response. These molecules include nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, along with metabolic intermediates and signaling molecules adenosine, lactate, itaconate, succinate, kynurenine, and prostaglandins. Emerging evidence suggests that immunometabolites released by immune cells establish a complex interaction network within local niches, orchestrating and fine-tuning immune responses during viral diseases. However, our current understanding of the immense capacity of metabolites to convey essential cell signals from one cell to another or within cellular compartments remains incomplete. Unraveling these complexities would be crucial for harnessing the potential of immunometabolites in therapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss specific immunometabolites and their mechanisms of action in viral infections, emphasizing recent findings and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.
病毒病原体与宿主代谢之间的相互作用在决定病毒感染的结果方面起着关键作用。病毒检测后，宿主细胞的代谢格局发生重大变化，从三羧酸 (TCA) 循环的氧化呼吸转变为有氧糖酵解增加。这种代谢转变伴随着营养物质可用性的提高，这对细胞功能、发育和增殖至关重要。此外，沉积来自脂肪酸、TCA 中间体和氨基酸分解代谢的代谢物加速免疫代谢转变，促进促炎和抗菌反应。免疫代谢物是指参与调节免疫反应的细胞代谢小分子。这些分子包括葡萄糖和氨基酸等营养素，以及代谢中间产物和信号分子腺苷、乳酸、衣康酸、琥珀酸、犬尿氨酸和前列腺素。新出现的证据表明，免疫细胞释放的免疫代谢物在局部生态位内建立了一个复杂的相互作用网络，在病毒疾病期间协调和微调免疫反应。然而，我们目前对代谢物从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞或细胞内隔室的重要细胞信号的巨大能力的理解仍然不完整。揭示这些复杂性对于利用免疫代谢物在治疗干预中的潜力至关重要。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了特定的免疫代谢物及其在病毒感染中的作用机制，强调了这一快速发展领域的最新发现和未来方向。
