Bioinformatic analysis predicts the regulatory function of noncoding SNPs associated with Long COVID-19 syndrome.

Long or Post COVID-19 is a condition of collected symptoms persisted after recovery from COVID-19. Host genetic factors play a crucial role in developing Long COVID-19, and GWAS studies identified several SNPs/genes in various ethnic populations. In African-American population two SNPS, rs10999901 (C>T, p = 3.6E-08, OR = 1.39, MAF-0,27, GRCH38, chr10:71584799 bp) and rs1868001 (G>A, p = 6.7E-09, OR = 1.40, MAF-0.46, GRCH38, chr10:71587815 bp) and in Hispanic population, rs3759084 (A>C, p = 9.7E-09, OR = 1.56, MAF-0.17, chr12: 81,110,156 bp) are strongly associated with Long COVID-19. All these three SNPs reside in noncoding regions implying their regulatory function in the genome. In silico dissection suggests that rs10999901 and rs1868001 physically interact with the CDH23 and C10orf105 genes. Both SNPs act as distant enhancers and bind with several transcription factors (TFs). Further, rs10999901 SNP is a CpG that is methylated in CD4++ T cells and monocytes and loses its methylation due to transition from C>T. rs3759084 is located in the promoter (- 687 bp) of MYF5, acts as a distant enhancer, and physically interacts with PTPRQ. These results offer plausible explanations for their association and provide the basis for experiments to dissect the development of symptoms of Long COVID-19.