Department of Biochemistry, PRIST Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, TN, India.
Central Research Facility, Santosh Deemed to be University, Ghaziabad, UP, India.
Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2024 Jan-Dec;23:15330338241261836. doi: 10.1177/15330338241261836.
Male breast cancer (MBC), one of the rare types of cancer among men where the global incidence rate is 1.8% of all breast cancers cases with a yearly increase in a pace of 1.1%. Since the last 10 years, the incidence has been increased from 7.2% to 10.3% and the mortality rate was decreased from 11% to 3.8%. Nevertheless, the rate of diagnoses has been expected to be around 2.6% in the near future, still there is a great lack in studies to characterize the MBC including the developed countries. Based on our search, it is evidenced from the literature that the number of risk factors for the cause of MBC are significant, which includes the increase in age, family genetic history, mutations in specific genes due to various environmental impacts, hormonal imbalance and unregulated expression receptors for specific hormones of high levels of estrogen or androgen receptors compared to females. MBCs are broadly classified into ductal and lobular carcinomas with further sub-types, with some of the symptoms including a lump or swelling in the breast, redness of flaky skin in the breast, irritation and nipple discharge that is similar to the female breast cancer (FBC). The most common diagnostic tools currently in use are the ultrasound guided sonography, mammography, and biopsies. Treatment modalities for MBC include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and targeted therapies. However, the guidelines followed for the diagnosis and treatment modalities of MBC are mostly based on FBC that is due to the lack of prospective studies related to MBC. However, there are distinct clinical and molecular features of MBC, it is a need to develop different clinical methods with more multinational approaches to help oncologist to improve care for MBC patients.
男性乳腺癌（MBC）是男性中罕见的癌症类型之一，全球发病率占所有乳腺癌病例的 1.8%，且呈每年 1.1%的速度递增。在过去的 10 年中，发病率从 7.2%上升到 10.3%，死亡率从 11%下降到 3.8%。然而，预计在不久的将来诊断率将达到 2.6%左右，但对于 MBC 的研究仍然严重不足，包括在发达国家。根据我们的搜索，文献表明，导致 MBC 的危险因素很多，其中包括年龄增长、家族遗传史、特定基因因各种环境影响而发生的突变、激素失衡以及特定激素受体的不调节表达，这些激素的水平在男性中比女性高，比如雌激素或雄激素受体。MBC 广泛分为导管癌和小叶癌，还有进一步的亚型，一些症状包括乳房肿块或肿胀、乳房片状红斑、刺激和类似女性乳腺癌（FBC）的乳头溢液。目前最常用的诊断工具包括超声引导的超声检查、乳房 X 光检查和活组织检查。MBC 的治疗方法包括手术、放疗、化疗、激素治疗和靶向治疗。然而，用于 MBC 的诊断和治疗方法的指南主要基于 FBC，这是因为缺乏与 MBC 相关的前瞻性研究。然而，MBC 具有明显的临床和分子特征，因此需要开发不同的临床方法，采用更多的跨国方法，以帮助肿瘤学家改善对 MBC 患者的护理。
