Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy.
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2024 Dec 31;20(1):2379086. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2379086. Epub 2024 Jul 23.
Bladder cancer (BC) accounts for about 4% of all malignancies. Non-muscle-invasive BC, 75% of cases, is treated with transurethral resection and adjuvant intravesical instillation, while muscle-invasive BC warrants cisplatin-based perioperative chemotherapy. Although immune-checkpoint inhibitors, antibody drug conjugates and targeted agents have provided dramatic advances, metastatic BC remains a generally incurable disease and clinical trials continue to vigorously evaluate novel molecules. Cancer vaccines aim at activating the patient's immune system against tumor cells. Several means of delivering neoantigens have been developed, including peptides, antigen-presenting cells, virus, or nucleic acids. Various improvements are constantly being explored, such as adjuvants use and combination strategies. Nucleic acids-based vaccines are increasingly gaining attention in recent years, with promising results in other malignancies. However, despite the recent advantages, numerous obstacles persist. This review is aimed at describing the different types of cancer vaccines, their evaluations in UC patients and the more recent innovations in this field.
膀胱癌（BC）约占所有恶性肿瘤的 4%。75%的非肌肉浸润性 BC 采用经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术和辅助膀胱内灌注治疗，而肌肉浸润性 BC 需要基于顺铂的围手术期化疗。尽管免疫检查点抑制剂、抗体药物偶联物和靶向药物已取得显著进展，但转移性 BC 仍然是一种普遍无法治愈的疾病，临床试验仍在积极评估新的分子。癌症疫苗旨在激活患者的免疫系统对抗肿瘤细胞。已经开发出多种递送新抗原的方法，包括肽、抗原呈递细胞、病毒或核酸。目前正在不断探索各种改进措施，如佐剂的使用和联合策略。近年来，基于核酸的疫苗越来越受到关注，在其他恶性肿瘤中取得了有希望的结果。然而，尽管最近取得了优势，但仍存在许多障碍。本文旨在描述不同类型的癌症疫苗、它们在 UC 患者中的评估以及该领域的最新创新。
