Austrian Archaeological Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
William F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research, Jerusalem, Israel.
PLoS One. 2024 Jul 24;19(7):e0301102. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301102. eCollection 2024.
A longstanding debate concerns the function of carinated elements in both, the Levantine, and European Aurignacian. The present study aims to contribute to this topic with the evaluation of the carinated assemblage from layer D in Hayonim Cave, Western Galilee, Israel, one of the type sites of the Levantine Aurignacian. An operational chain reconstruction with an attribute analysis is paired with a typological approach to the preparation and maintenance products based on artefacts defined as West European Aurignacian. The results of this study are investigated with multivariate statistics offering a methodological contribution. The data is subjected to a transformation into a distance matrix using the Gower distance and tested with the adonis-algorithm for significance. The results clearly indicate that the carinated items in Hayonim Cave did fully or partially function as cores. They are accompanied by diagnostic preparation- and- maintenance products known from the literature e.g. Thèmes bladelets. The statistical analysis indicates only a minor correlation with stratigraphy yet supports the techno-typological criteria applied for defining artefact categories (cores, debitage, tools), as well as the proposed differentiation of carinated 'core' types. The non-carinated cores in Hayonim Cave are characterised by a high variability in typology and reduction concepts. A curious similarity to the Levallois-concept is observed on some of the flake cores. It is therefore suggested that the frequent recycling of Middle Palaeolithic artefacts in the Levantine Aurignacian might have given the Aurignacian flint-knappers the opportunity to study the Levallois concept and apply an approximation of it in their own core reduction strategies. The notion that Palaeolithic flint-knappers actively observed former technological systems through the discarded artefacts directly opens up a new trajectory for the understanding of lithic reduction concept permanence. The conceptual diversification and variability in Hayonim Cave D indicate a highly dynamic period in the Levantine Upper Palaeolithic which increased the adaptive potential and promoted a rapid cultural change.
长期以来，有关喙状结构在黎凡特和欧洲阿舍利技术中的功能的争论一直存在。本研究旨在通过评估以色列加利利西部海恩尼姆洞穴（Hayonim Cave）D 层的喙状工具组合来解决这个问题，该洞穴是黎凡特阿舍利技术的典型遗址之一。该研究采用操作链重建和属性分析，并结合基于被定义为西欧阿舍利技术的工具的准备和维护产品的类型学方法。使用多元统计方法对该研究的结果进行了调查，为方法提供了贡献。将数据转换为距离矩阵，使用 Gower 距离进行测试，并使用 adonis 算法进行显著性检验。结果清楚地表明，海恩尼姆洞穴中的喙状物品完全或部分用作核心。它们伴随着文献中已知的诊断性准备和维护产品，例如 Thèmes 叶片。统计分析表明，与地层的相关性很小，但支持为定义人工制品类别（核心、碎屑、工具）以及提出的喙状“核心”类型的分化而应用的技术类型学标准。海恩尼姆洞穴中的非喙状核心具有类型学和还原概念高度可变性的特点。在一些薄片核心上观察到与勒瓦卢瓦概念的奇特相似性。因此，建议在黎凡特阿舍利技术中频繁回收中石器时代的人工制品可能使阿舍利石器制造者有机会研究勒瓦卢瓦概念，并在他们自己的核心还原策略中应用它的近似值。旧石器时代的石器制造者通过直接丢弃的工具积极观察前技术系统的观点，为理解石器还原概念的持久性开辟了一条新的途径。海恩尼姆洞穴 D 中概念的多样化和可变性表明，黎凡特上更新世是一个高度动态的时期，增加了适应潜力并促进了快速的文化变革。
